清朝乾隆時(shí)期哈薩克政策研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-15 13:46
【摘要】：清朝的乾隆時(shí)期,是有清一代哈薩克政策形成并奠定基本格局的重要時(shí)期。這一時(shí)期所制定的有關(guān)哈薩克的政策與辦法,成為了日后清朝政府在處理有關(guān)哈薩克事務(wù)時(shí)所必須遵循的所謂“祖宗之制”。因此,若要全面深刻地理解與把握有清一代哈薩克政策的內(nèi)涵,就必須對(duì)乾隆時(shí)期的哈薩克政策形成、發(fā)展、完善、定型的來(lái)龍去脈,進(jìn)行認(rèn)真而詳盡的研究。 本文在充分了解、掌握前人相關(guān)研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上,通過(guò)大量細(xì)致入微的史料閱讀與解析,試圖補(bǔ)充并超越前人的研究,對(duì)清朝乾隆時(shí)期的哈薩克政策作出新的而且是更加深入全面的論述。本文所采取的研究方法是最簡(jiǎn)單,也是最耗費(fèi)時(shí)間、精力的史料解析法,最大限度地輯錄史料,排列、對(duì)比史料,在大量讀史札記的基礎(chǔ)上,力圖盡可能地回到歷史的語(yǔ)境中,去重新理解與把握乾隆時(shí)期哈薩克政策的方方面面。 本文共分為六章內(nèi)容。第一章是導(dǎo)論,主要包括選題緣起,相關(guān)學(xué)術(shù)史的梳理與評(píng)價(jià),研究資料的范圍、搜集、整理與利用,以及論文的總體架構(gòu)。第二章通過(guò)對(duì)清朝與哈薩克早期隔閡與最初接觸過(guò)程的論述,對(duì)乾隆朝哈薩克政策形成過(guò)程中的因素進(jìn)行了深入研究。這樣一個(gè)厄魯特因素的揭示與強(qiáng)調(diào),為第三章討論哈薩克越界游牧問(wèn)題做了必要的鋪墊。清朝在征服準(zhǔn)噶爾之后,便宣布將準(zhǔn)噶爾轄地歸入清朝的版疆,并且在與哈薩克建立朝貢關(guān)系之初,就要求哈薩克承認(rèn)這一變化。盡管如此,在清哈關(guān)系史最初的十幾年中,清朝對(duì)準(zhǔn)噶爾舊游牧地的擁有權(quán),卻屢屢遭到來(lái)自哈薩克越界游牧問(wèn)題的挑戰(zhàn)。乾隆三十二年(1767),清朝最終采取了一個(gè)靈活的解決辦法,允許哈薩克在清朝西北卡外界內(nèi)區(qū)域游牧,條件是哈薩克要向清朝交納百分之一的馬匹,以充貢賦。這個(gè)辦法既可以保證清朝政府對(duì)西北卡外界內(nèi)領(lǐng)土的所有權(quán)和支配權(quán),又可以照顧到哈薩克作為個(gè)游牧民族的生產(chǎn)、生活的現(xiàn)實(shí)需求。第四章討論了清朝為防范哈薩克而構(gòu)建西北邊防體系的過(guò)程。隨著越界游牧問(wèn)題的解決,以及西北邊防體系建設(shè)工作的初步完成,清朝與哈薩克的關(guān)系開(kāi)始進(jìn)入到一個(gè)更加穩(wěn)定,更加融洽的新階段。第五章討論了清朝與哈薩克關(guān)系史中的一項(xiàng)最重要內(nèi)容——絹馬貿(mào)易。對(duì)清朝而言,這種貿(mào)易絕不僅僅只是一種以羈縻、控制為主要目的朝貢貿(mào)易。哈薩克的牲只馬匹,對(duì)于當(dāng)時(shí)的清朝而言,絕非是可有可無(wú)的普通貿(mào)易品,而是需求量非常大的特殊貿(mào)易品。清朝政府積極地同哈薩克開(kāi)展絹馬貿(mào)易,是為了“懋遷有無(wú)”,主要追求的是經(jīng)濟(jì)上的“甚為有益”。大量而廉價(jià)地?fù)Q購(gòu)哈薩克的牲只馬匹,無(wú)論是在清朝統(tǒng)一西域的戰(zhàn)時(shí),還是在經(jīng)營(yíng)治理新疆的戰(zhàn)后,對(duì)清朝政府而言,都具有重大的戰(zhàn)略意義,不僅可以有效地安定清朝西北的內(nèi)外藩,而且還可以極大地減輕清朝的財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān),使統(tǒng)一西域的偉業(yè),不僅具有政治、軍事上的積極意義,而且在經(jīng)濟(jì)上,也可以獲得一定的回報(bào)和有益的補(bǔ)充。最后一章結(jié)語(yǔ)部分,主要是對(duì)全文的總結(jié),并且通過(guò)分析乾隆時(shí)期清朝政府對(duì)哈薩克的態(tài)度與政策,探討了清朝對(duì)西北邊疆的基本態(tài)度。清朝統(tǒng)一西域的主要目的并不是美國(guó)“新清史’學(xué)者們普遍認(rèn)為的殖民,而是為了給清朝居于中心的內(nèi)地建設(shè)起一道穩(wěn)定而可靠的安全屏障。
[Abstract]:The Emperor Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty was an important period for the formation of the Qing Dynasty Kazakh policy and the establishment of the basic pattern. The policy and method of Kazakh in this period became the so-called "ancestral system" that the Qing government must follow when dealing with Kazakh affairs. Therefore, it should be understood and grasped in a comprehensive and profound way. With the connotation of the Qing Dynasty Kazakh policy, we must make a serious and detailed study of the Kazakh policy in the period of the Qianlong period.
On the basis of fully understanding and mastering previous research results, this paper tries to supplement and transcend the previous studies by a large number of detailed historical data reading and analysis, and makes a new and thorough discussion on the Kazakh policy of the Qing Dynasty during the Qianlong period. The research method adopted in this paper is the simplest and most expensive method. The historical data analysis method of time and energy is used to compiling the historical materials, arranging and comparing the historical materials, and on the basis of a large number of reading notes, trying to return to the historical context as much as possible to re understand and grasp all aspects of the Kazakh policy in the Qianlong period.
This article is divided into six chapters. The first chapter is introduction, mainly including the origin of the topic, the combing and evaluation of the related academic history, the scope of the research, the collection, collation and utilization, and the overall structure of the paper. The second chapter, through the discussion of the early estrangement between the Qing Dynasty and Kazak and the initial contact process, the formation process of the Kazakh policy of the Qianlong Dynasty. In the third chapter, the third chapter made the necessary paving for the problem of the Kazak transboundary nomadic problem. After the Qing Dynasty conquered Junggar, the Qing Dynasty declared that the Junggar jurisdiction was returned to the Qing Dynasty, and at the beginning of the relationship with Kazakh, Kazakh was asked to admit it. However, in the first decade of the history of the relations between the Qing and Kazakhstan, the Qing Dynasty aimed at the possession of the old pastoral land of Kazakhstan, but was repeatedly challenged by the Kazakh transboundary nomadic problem. In the thirty-two years of Qianlong (1767), the Qing Dynasty finally adopted a flexible solution to allow Kazakh to nomad the area outside the northwest card of the Qing Dynasty. Kazakh has to pay one percent horses to the Qing Dynasty to pay tribute to the Qing Dynasty. This method can not only guarantee the ownership and domination of the government of the Qing Dynasty to the outside territory of the northwest card, but also take care of the practical needs of the Kazak as a nomadic people. The fourth chapter discusses the construction of the northwest border for the Qing Dynasty in order to prevent Kazakh. The process of preventing the system. With the settlement of the transboundary nomadic problems and the preliminary completion of the construction of the northwest frontier defense system, the relationship between the Qing Dynasty and Kazakh began to enter a more stable and more harmonious new stage. The fifth chapter discussed the most important part of the history of the relations between the Qing Dynasty and Kazak, the silk horse trade. The trade of Kazakhstan, the horse of the Kazakh, was not an ordinary trade, but a very large demand. The government of the Qing Dynasty was actively engaged in the trade with hassak to carry out the silk horse trade, in order to "make a great move or not". The economic "very beneficial" is to be pursued. A large and cheap exchange of horse horses for Kazakh is of great strategic significance to the Qing government, not only in the wartime of the United States in the Qing Dynasty but also in the management of Xinjiang after the war. It can not only effectively stabilize the internal and external vassal vassal in the northwest of the Qing Dynasty, but also can be very great. To lighten the financial burden of the Qing Dynasty, make the great work of the United western region not only political and military, but also in the economy, it can also obtain certain rewards and beneficial supplements. The last chapter is the concluding part, mainly the summary of the full text, and through the analysis of the attitude and policy of the Qing government to Kazak during the Qianlong period. The main purpose of the Qing Dynasty to unify the western region was not the colonization that the American "new history of the Qing Dynasty" generally believed, but to build a stable and reliable security barrier for the construction of the central mainland in the Qing Dynasty.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K249
本文編號(hào)：2124269
[Abstract]:The Emperor Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty was an important period for the formation of the Qing Dynasty Kazakh policy and the establishment of the basic pattern. The policy and method of Kazakh in this period became the so-called "ancestral system" that the Qing government must follow when dealing with Kazakh affairs. Therefore, it should be understood and grasped in a comprehensive and profound way. With the connotation of the Qing Dynasty Kazakh policy, we must make a serious and detailed study of the Kazakh policy in the period of the Qianlong period.
On the basis of fully understanding and mastering previous research results, this paper tries to supplement and transcend the previous studies by a large number of detailed historical data reading and analysis, and makes a new and thorough discussion on the Kazakh policy of the Qing Dynasty during the Qianlong period. The research method adopted in this paper is the simplest and most expensive method. The historical data analysis method of time and energy is used to compiling the historical materials, arranging and comparing the historical materials, and on the basis of a large number of reading notes, trying to return to the historical context as much as possible to re understand and grasp all aspects of the Kazakh policy in the Qianlong period.
This article is divided into six chapters. The first chapter is introduction, mainly including the origin of the topic, the combing and evaluation of the related academic history, the scope of the research, the collection, collation and utilization, and the overall structure of the paper. The second chapter, through the discussion of the early estrangement between the Qing Dynasty and Kazak and the initial contact process, the formation process of the Kazakh policy of the Qianlong Dynasty. In the third chapter, the third chapter made the necessary paving for the problem of the Kazak transboundary nomadic problem. After the Qing Dynasty conquered Junggar, the Qing Dynasty declared that the Junggar jurisdiction was returned to the Qing Dynasty, and at the beginning of the relationship with Kazakh, Kazakh was asked to admit it. However, in the first decade of the history of the relations between the Qing and Kazakhstan, the Qing Dynasty aimed at the possession of the old pastoral land of Kazakhstan, but was repeatedly challenged by the Kazakh transboundary nomadic problem. In the thirty-two years of Qianlong (1767), the Qing Dynasty finally adopted a flexible solution to allow Kazakh to nomad the area outside the northwest card of the Qing Dynasty. Kazakh has to pay one percent horses to the Qing Dynasty to pay tribute to the Qing Dynasty. This method can not only guarantee the ownership and domination of the government of the Qing Dynasty to the outside territory of the northwest card, but also take care of the practical needs of the Kazak as a nomadic people. The fourth chapter discusses the construction of the northwest border for the Qing Dynasty in order to prevent Kazakh. The process of preventing the system. With the settlement of the transboundary nomadic problems and the preliminary completion of the construction of the northwest frontier defense system, the relationship between the Qing Dynasty and Kazakh began to enter a more stable and more harmonious new stage. The fifth chapter discussed the most important part of the history of the relations between the Qing Dynasty and Kazak, the silk horse trade. The trade of Kazakhstan, the horse of the Kazakh, was not an ordinary trade, but a very large demand. The government of the Qing Dynasty was actively engaged in the trade with hassak to carry out the silk horse trade, in order to "make a great move or not". The economic "very beneficial" is to be pursued. A large and cheap exchange of horse horses for Kazakh is of great strategic significance to the Qing government, not only in the wartime of the United States in the Qing Dynasty but also in the management of Xinjiang after the war. It can not only effectively stabilize the internal and external vassal vassal in the northwest of the Qing Dynasty, but also can be very great. To lighten the financial burden of the Qing Dynasty, make the great work of the United western region not only political and military, but also in the economy, it can also obtain certain rewards and beneficial supplements. The last chapter is the concluding part, mainly the summary of the full text, and through the analysis of the attitude and policy of the Qing government to Kazak during the Qianlong period. The main purpose of the Qing Dynasty to unify the western region was not the colonization that the American "new history of the Qing Dynasty" generally believed, but to build a stable and reliable security barrier for the construction of the central mainland in the Qing Dynasty.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K249
【引證文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前2條
1 姜雪;哈薩克族史學(xué)研究[D];蘭州大學(xué);2013年
2 姚煥錄;《新疆圖志》中的國(guó)家認(rèn)同研究[D];石河子大學(xué);2013年
，本文編號(hào)：2124269
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