氣候視野下的北朝農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)與社會(huì)
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-13 19:15
【摘要】： 本文研究北朝時(shí)期氣候的變化與農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)。全文分緒論、正文和結(jié)語(yǔ)三部分。 正文的第一章通過(guò)文獻(xiàn)梳理與考證歸納出北朝氣候的基本情況和主要特點(diǎn)。 第二章研究氣候變化下的北朝農(nóng)業(yè)情況。以往的研究成果雖然涉及了這一時(shí)期的農(nóng)業(yè)情況,但缺乏氣候的視野,沒(méi)有關(guān)注氣候變化下的農(nóng)業(yè)變化。在傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)之中,農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)部門(mén)占據(jù)支配地位,農(nóng)業(yè)收成的好壞影響物價(jià)甚至整個(gè)社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定。而在農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)之中,糧食種植結(jié)構(gòu)與畝產(chǎn)量受到氣候條件的制約。本章以氣候變化為出發(fā)點(diǎn)來(lái)研究這一時(shí)期農(nóng)業(yè),從另一個(gè)方面也可說(shuō)是農(nóng)民如何應(yīng)對(duì)這一時(shí)期氣候變化。 第三章研究農(nóng)業(yè)變化對(duì)自然經(jīng)濟(jì)形態(tài)以及兵制的影響。氣候變化可以導(dǎo)致社會(huì)生產(chǎn)發(fā)生變化,比如引起就業(yè)水平的升高或下降。在傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì),這種影響主要表現(xiàn)在勞動(dòng)力在農(nóng)業(yè)和手工業(yè)商業(yè)之間的分配,勞動(dòng)力在農(nóng)業(yè)部門(mén)增加,在商業(yè)和手工業(yè)部門(mén)減少,對(duì)商品經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生了一定的影響;種植結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整,導(dǎo)致農(nóng)事時(shí)間安排隨之發(fā)生變化,同時(shí)使農(nóng)民日常生活也產(chǎn)生變化,對(duì)亦農(nóng)亦兵的兵制產(chǎn)生一定的影響。 第四章考察這一時(shí)期的家庭情況。氣候變冷導(dǎo)致干旱和饑荒發(fā)生頻率增加。為了度過(guò)饑荒,除了改變農(nóng)業(yè)種植結(jié)構(gòu),采取多方面保證糧食安全之外,農(nóng)民還必需控制人口增長(zhǎng)�？刂迫丝诘闹饕胧┦悄鐨⑴�?huà)?這是導(dǎo)致社會(huì)之中男女比例失調(diào)的原因之一,這一結(jié)果使得一部分人出現(xiàn)早婚。同時(shí),為了渡過(guò)饑荒和保持農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn),農(nóng)民將家庭的人口保持適當(dāng)?shù)囊?guī)模,這樣必定會(huì)影響家庭結(jié)構(gòu)與宗族組織。 第五章研究這一時(shí)期的各種社會(huì)群體的行為。氣候變冷影響農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn),導(dǎo)致饑荒頻繁發(fā)生。當(dāng)饑荒發(fā)生時(shí),朝廷的救濟(jì)往往力不從心,朝廷往往把本應(yīng)該自身承擔(dān)的賑濟(jì)責(zé)任推給地方豪強(qiáng)與佛教徒,使得地方豪強(qiáng)與佛教徒在地方上的影響增大。朝廷對(duì)這些力量也比較限制和提防,朝廷的力量有逐漸延伸到基層的趨勢(shì)。同時(shí),地方力量也逐漸改變自己行為模式,使得中國(guó)逐漸由豪強(qiáng)社會(huì)過(guò)渡到富民社會(huì)。 本文的基本結(jié)論是:與其他時(shí)代相比較,北朝時(shí)期氣候相對(duì)寒冷。農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)受到一定影響,農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)發(fā)生一定的變動(dòng),對(duì)北方農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)與社會(huì)產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響,也是造成這一時(shí)期中國(guó)南北文化出現(xiàn)較大差異的因素之一。 本文采用了跨學(xué)科的研究方法,歷史文獻(xiàn)學(xué)研究方法為主,還用了氣候?qū)W、地理學(xué)、生態(tài)學(xué)和政治學(xué)的一些理論與研究方法交叉研究,以期對(duì)北朝環(huán)境與農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)作出新視野的探討。
[Abstract]:This paper studies the climate change and agricultural economy and society during the Northern Dynasty. The full text is divided into three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The first chapter summarizes the basic situation and main characteristics of the Northern Dynasty climate through literature review and textual research. The second chapter studies the agriculture situation of the Northern Dynasty under the climate change. Although the previous research results relate to the agricultural situation in this period, it lacks the view of climate and does not pay attention to the change of agriculture under climate change. In the traditional society, the agricultural production department occupies the dominant position, and the agricultural harvest affects the price and even the stability of the whole society. In agricultural society, the structure of grain planting and yield per mu are restricted by climatic conditions. This chapter takes climate change as a starting point to study agriculture in this period, and in another way, how farmers deal with climate change. The third chapter studies the impact of agricultural changes on the natural economic form and military system. Climate change can lead to changes in social production, such as higher or lower employment levels. In the traditional agricultural society, this influence is mainly manifested in the distribution of labor force between agriculture and handicraft commerce, the increase of labor force in agricultural sector and the decrease in commercial and handicraft sectors, which has a certain impact on the commodity economy; The adjustment of planting structure leads to the change of the time arrangement of agricultural affairs and the change of farmers' daily life, which has a certain influence on the system of soldiers who are also peasants and soldiers. The fourth chapter examines the family situation in this period. Cold weather leads to increased frequency of drought and famine. In order to survive famine, farmers must control population growth in addition to changing the structure of farming and ensuring food security in many ways. The main measure to control the population is female infanticide, which is one of the causes of the imbalance between men and women in society, which has led to early marriage among some people. At the same time, in order to survive famine and maintain agricultural production, farmers will maintain the appropriate size of the family population, which will certainly affect the family structure and clan organization. The fifth chapter studies the behavior of various social groups in this period. Cold weather affects agricultural production, leading to frequent famine. When famine occurs, the relief of the court is often inadequate. The court often puts the relief responsibility it should bear on the local authorities and Buddhists, which increases the influence of the local authorities and Buddhists in the local areas. The court is also more restricted and wary of these forces, the power of the court gradually extended to the grass roots. At the same time, local forces gradually changed their behavior patterns, making China gradually transition from a powerful society to a prosperous society. The basic conclusion of this paper is: compared with other times, the climate of the Northern Dynasty was relatively cold. Agricultural production has been affected and the agricultural society has undergone certain changes, which has a profound impact on the agricultural economy and society in the north, and is also one of the factors that caused the great differences between the north and south cultures of China during this period. This paper uses interdisciplinary research methods, historical bibliography as the main method, and some theories and methods of climatology, geography, ecology and political science. With a view to the Northern Dynasty environment and agricultural society to make a new vision.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：F329;K239.21
本文編號(hào)：2120469
[Abstract]:This paper studies the climate change and agricultural economy and society during the Northern Dynasty. The full text is divided into three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The first chapter summarizes the basic situation and main characteristics of the Northern Dynasty climate through literature review and textual research. The second chapter studies the agriculture situation of the Northern Dynasty under the climate change. Although the previous research results relate to the agricultural situation in this period, it lacks the view of climate and does not pay attention to the change of agriculture under climate change. In the traditional society, the agricultural production department occupies the dominant position, and the agricultural harvest affects the price and even the stability of the whole society. In agricultural society, the structure of grain planting and yield per mu are restricted by climatic conditions. This chapter takes climate change as a starting point to study agriculture in this period, and in another way, how farmers deal with climate change. The third chapter studies the impact of agricultural changes on the natural economic form and military system. Climate change can lead to changes in social production, such as higher or lower employment levels. In the traditional agricultural society, this influence is mainly manifested in the distribution of labor force between agriculture and handicraft commerce, the increase of labor force in agricultural sector and the decrease in commercial and handicraft sectors, which has a certain impact on the commodity economy; The adjustment of planting structure leads to the change of the time arrangement of agricultural affairs and the change of farmers' daily life, which has a certain influence on the system of soldiers who are also peasants and soldiers. The fourth chapter examines the family situation in this period. Cold weather leads to increased frequency of drought and famine. In order to survive famine, farmers must control population growth in addition to changing the structure of farming and ensuring food security in many ways. The main measure to control the population is female infanticide, which is one of the causes of the imbalance between men and women in society, which has led to early marriage among some people. At the same time, in order to survive famine and maintain agricultural production, farmers will maintain the appropriate size of the family population, which will certainly affect the family structure and clan organization. The fifth chapter studies the behavior of various social groups in this period. Cold weather affects agricultural production, leading to frequent famine. When famine occurs, the relief of the court is often inadequate. The court often puts the relief responsibility it should bear on the local authorities and Buddhists, which increases the influence of the local authorities and Buddhists in the local areas. The court is also more restricted and wary of these forces, the power of the court gradually extended to the grass roots. At the same time, local forces gradually changed their behavior patterns, making China gradually transition from a powerful society to a prosperous society. The basic conclusion of this paper is: compared with other times, the climate of the Northern Dynasty was relatively cold. Agricultural production has been affected and the agricultural society has undergone certain changes, which has a profound impact on the agricultural economy and society in the north, and is also one of the factors that caused the great differences between the north and south cultures of China during this period. This paper uses interdisciplinary research methods, historical bibliography as the main method, and some theories and methods of climatology, geography, ecology and political science. With a view to the Northern Dynasty environment and agricultural society to make a new vision.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：F329;K239.21
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