【摘要】：開(kāi)原在明代遼東邊疆具有重要地位，主要作用是控帶外夷。明代中期開(kāi)始，貂皮貿(mào)易從京城的朝貢貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)移到遼東邊境貿(mào)易，促進(jìn)了開(kāi)原馬市的繁榮。遼東逐漸形成了以開(kāi)原與南北關(guān)馬市貿(mào)易聯(lián)盟為中心的邊疆體系：即明朝通過(guò)開(kāi)原馬市貿(mào)易來(lái)控制南北關(guān)海西女真強(qiáng)酋，，進(jìn)而間接地羈縻深處女真部落和維持遼東的邊疆秩序。遼東和女真地區(qū)存在著由開(kāi)原至山寨夷（南北關(guān)），進(jìn)而至江夷、野人女真層層遞進(jìn)、層層控制的內(nèi)陸亞洲貿(mào)易圈。正是通過(guò)控制遼東至女真的貿(mào)易路線，南北關(guān)海西女真葉赫、哈達(dá)部不僅在女真部落內(nèi)部占據(jù)著強(qiáng)勢(shì)地位，還使建州女真長(zhǎng)期處于被壓制的狀態(tài)。萬(wàn)歷初期，南北關(guān)相互爭(zhēng)奪開(kāi)原馬市貿(mào)易權(quán)的內(nèi)部斗爭(zhēng)，使建州部努爾哈赤得以坐大。努爾哈赤的興起，成功地突破了長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)海西女真（開(kāi)原馬市）對(duì)于建州女真（撫順馬市）的壓制，遼東與女真地區(qū)的貿(mào)易路線，遂由海西女真至開(kāi)原轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榻ㄖ菖嬷翐犴樳|陽(yáng)一帶。這種貿(mào)易路線的改變，不僅顛覆了原有的遼東內(nèi)陸亞洲貿(mào)易圈，還沖擊了開(kāi)原的邊疆中心地位，直接影響到女真各部勢(shì)力的興衰。由此，亦造成了葉赫部和建州部之間的激烈沖突，埋下了明清戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的導(dǎo)火索。
[Abstract]:Kaiyuan played an important role in the Liaodong frontier in Ming Dynasty, and its main function was to control the outside of the belt. Beginning in the middle of Ming Dynasty, mink trade shifted from tributary trade in capital to border trade in eastern Liaoning, which promoted the prosperity of Kaiyuan Ma city. Liaodong gradually formed a frontier system centered on the trade union between Kaiyuan and Guanma: that is, the Ming Dynasty controlled the strong chiefdom of Hexi Nuzhen through the trade between Kaiyuan and Ma in the Ming Dynasty, and indirectly fettered the Nuzhen tribe in the depths of the Jimi and maintained the order of the frontier in eastern Liaoning. There is an inland Asian trade circle from Kaiyuan to Shanzhai Yi (North and South pass) and then to Jiangyi in Liaodong and Nuzhen areas. It is through controlling the trade route from Liaodong to Nu Zhen that Hada not only occupies a strong position within the Nuzhen tribe, but also makes Jianzhou Nuren in the state of being suppressed for a long time. At the beginning of Wanli, the internal struggle between north and south for trade rights in Kaiyuan and Ma made Nulhachi, the state building ministry, sit down. The rise of Nuerhachi successfully broke through the suppression of Hexi Nu Zhen (Kaiyuan Ma City) for a long time, and the trade route between Liaodong and Nuzhen area. Then from Hercynian Nu Zhen to Kaiyuan change to build state Nu Zhen to Fushun Liaoyang area. The change of trade route not only subverted the original Asian trade circle in Liaodong, but also impacted the central position of frontier of Kaiyuan, and directly affected the rise and fall of the forces of Nu Zhen. As a result, it caused fierce conflict between Yeh and Jianzhou, and buried the fuse of the Ming and Qing wars.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院研究生院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：K248

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