本文選題：清代 + 東北移民　； 參考：《東北師范大學(xué)》2003年博士論文

【摘要】： 相對(duì)于中原而言，東北為邊疆地區(qū)，在數(shù)千年的歷史發(fā)展進(jìn)程中，其人口遷移相當(dāng)頻繁，總的趨勢(shì)是北部少數(shù)民族人口不斷南下，中原漢族人口不斷北上，雙方往往交匯于遼河流域下游，形成一個(gè)既不同于中原也不同于邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的文化過(guò)渡帶。 明朝時(shí)期，在東北南部設(shè)遼東都指揮使司，進(jìn)行直接管理，在北部設(shè)奴兒干都指揮使司，進(jìn)行羈縻統(tǒng)治。明代末期，清朝興起，努爾哈赤為造成人口優(yōu)勢(shì)，把北部各族人口大量南遷。占領(lǐng)遼沈地區(qū)以后，，又繼續(xù)南遷人口，同時(shí)從蒙古和朝鮮半島，特別是從中原大量遷移人口進(jìn)入遼沈地區(qū)，使遼沈地區(qū)的人口數(shù)量達(dá)到歷史新高。順治元年(1644年)，清朝入關(guān)，遼沈地區(qū)的人口大部遷往中原，東北南部地區(qū)人口只剩三萬(wàn)人左右，北部和西部的土著也不過(guò)二十余萬(wàn)。順治六年(1649年)，清朝政府開(kāi)始向遼沈地區(qū)遷移人口，順治十年(1653年)，正式頒布“遼東移民招墾令”，鼓勵(lì)向遼沈地區(qū)移民。從順治十年到宣統(tǒng)三年(1911年)的二百五十余年時(shí)間里，在東北移民這個(gè)問(wèn)題上，清朝決策者一直處在開(kāi)發(fā)與封禁的矛盾之中，正是這個(gè)矛盾推動(dòng)著清朝東北移民政策的變化。如果按照時(shí)間劃分，我們可以大略把東北移民政策變化過(guò)程劃為如下幾個(gè)階段：從順治十年(1653年)到康熙六年(1667年)，清朝對(duì)東北移民的基本政策是鼓勵(lì)招民開(kāi)墾，雖然也修建柳條邊對(duì)移民范圍進(jìn)行限制，但以鼓勵(lì)為主，這個(gè)時(shí)期移民開(kāi)始遷徙東北；從康熙七年(1668年)到乾隆初年，清朝對(duì)東北移民基本采取不作為的政策，因此移民遷入的速度較慢；從乾隆初年到嘉慶初年，清朝對(duì)東北采取嚴(yán)格的封禁政策，可就在這個(gè)時(shí)期，東北移民大批涌入，東北南部奉天和熱河地區(qū)從人口輸入?yún)^(qū)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槿丝谳敵鰠^(qū)；嘉慶道光時(shí)期，清朝統(tǒng)治者面臨封禁與開(kāi)發(fā)兩難處境，嚴(yán)格封禁已不可能，但又不甘心完全對(duì)移民開(kāi)放，所以采取在封禁中開(kāi)發(fā)， 在開(kāi)發(fā)中封禁的政策；咸豐初年以后，東北移民的步伐已經(jīng)到達(dá)松花 江北，清朝統(tǒng)治者的封禁范圍基本限于圍場(chǎng)參山，到同治光緒年間， 困場(chǎng)參山也廠始放墾，甲午戰(zhàn)后，東北終于對(duì)移民全面開(kāi)放。經(jīng)過(guò)二 百五十余年時(shí)間，清朝東北移民政策經(jīng)歷了招民開(kāi)墾到嚴(yán)格封禁，再 到全面開(kāi)放的全過(guò)程。 隨著移民的不斷遷入，東北的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)也在變遷。政治結(jié)構(gòu)卜的 旗民二元行政管理體制山于民署權(quán)限的逐漸擴(kuò)張而過(guò)渡到民署為主的 一元化行政管理體制；土地占有體制上旗地與民地的二元結(jié)構(gòu)也隨著 民地的增長(zhǎng)而山旗向民轉(zhuǎn)化；在文化結(jié)構(gòu)上，通過(guò)寺廟建設(shè)完全可以 反映出民間信仰結(jié)構(gòu)與移民源之間的密切關(guān)系，是移民的信仰結(jié)構(gòu)與 當(dāng)?shù)匦叛鼋Y(jié)構(gòu)相互包容，從而在東北形成有別于中原的新的文化體系。 隨著移民的不斷遷入，東北區(qū)域的功能也在逐漸發(fā)生變化。通過(guò) 移民活動(dòng)，東北從歷史卜的糧食輸入?yún)^(qū)變?yōu)榧Z食輸出區(qū)，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品商品 率大大提高，交通運(yùn)輸迅速發(fā)展，城市蓬勃興起，到清朝木年，東北 己經(jīng)完成了自身的經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化。同時(shí)東北作為邊疆地區(qū)，山于移民不 斷地向北推進(jìn)，到清朝木年，己經(jīng)到達(dá)黑龍江邊。東北移民活動(dòng)雖然 不都是出于鞏固邊疆這個(gè)直接的目的，但是，東北移民活動(dòng)的客觀效 果則直接服務(wù)于鞏固邊疆這個(gè)目的，排除列強(qiáng)對(duì)東北邊疆威脅這個(gè)因 素，歷史卜從來(lái)沒(méi)有一個(gè)時(shí)期有如清朝那樣把東北邊疆建立在如此穩(wěn) 定的基礎(chǔ)之上。 清朝初年，東北的文化過(guò)渡帶還停留在歷朝形成的大致范困之內(nèi)， 但是，隨著移民的不斷遷入，這個(gè)過(guò)渡帶不斷向北推移，到清朝木年， 已經(jīng)到達(dá)黑龍江等邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)，東北社會(huì)基本完成了它內(nèi)地化的變遷過(guò) 程。
[Abstract]:Compared with the Central Plains , the northeast is the border area . In the course of the historical development of thousands of years , the population migration is quite frequent , the general trend is that the population of the northern minority nationalities is continuously south , and the population of the Central Plains is on the north , and the two sides often merge into the lower reaches of the Liaohe River Basin to form a cultural transition zone which is different from the Central Plains and different from the remote areas .









During the Ming and Qing Dynasties , the eastern part of the northeast was set up to make the division and direct management . In the end of the Ming Dynasty , the people in the north and the west of the Qing Dynasty moved to the Liaoshen area . In the past two hundred and fifty years since the reign of Shunzhi ( 1653 years ) and three years ( 1653 years ) , the Qing Dynasty had been developing and closing the population .
From the seven - year period ( 1668 ) to the first year of the reign of Emperor Qian Long , the Qing Dynasty adopted the policy of not being adopted as a basic policy for the northeast migrants , so the migration of immigrants was slower ;
From the first year of the reign of Emperor Qian to the early years of Jiaqing , the Qing Dynasty adopted a strict ban policy on the northeast , which can be changed into the population output area from the population input area to the population output area in the south of northeast China and the hot river area during this period .
During Jiaqing Daoguang period , the Qing Dynasty rulers were faced with the dilemma of confinement and development , and strict confinement was impossible , but it was not entirely open to the immigrants , so it was developed in the confinement .



















Policies to be banned in development ;
After the first year of Xianfeng , the pace of the northeast migration has reached the pine flower









The confinement of the rulers of the Qing Dynasty is basically limited to the paddock mountain , and the period of the reign of the reign of the same period of time .









At the beginning of the Sino - Japanese War , the Northeast finally opened its way to the immigrants . After a two - day war , the Northeast finally opened the door to the immigrants .









More than half a hundred and fifty years , the policy of immigration in the northeast of Qing Dynasty experienced the reclamation of the people to strict confinement , and then









To the whole process of full opening .









With the migration of immigrants , the social structure of the northeast is also changing . Political structure carrot









A gradual expansion of the authority of the People ' s Department under the Dualistic Administrative Management System of the Banner People and the Transition to the People ' s Department









One - way administrative management system ;
The binary structure of the land tenure system and the people ' s land has also changed .









The increase of the civilian population and the transformation of the mountain flag to the people ;
in that cultural structure , the construction of the temple can be fully realized









reflects the close relationship between the structure of folk belief and the source of migration , and is the belief structure of immigrants .









The local belief structure is mutually inclusive , thus forming a new cultural system different from Central Plains in the northeast .









With the migration of immigrants , the function of the northeast region has changed gradually .









Migration activities , from the food input area of historical carrot to grain output area , agricultural product commodities









The rate is greatly improved , the transportation develops rapidly , the city is booming , to the Qing Dynasty wood year , the northeast









He has finished his own economic integration . Meanwhile , as a frontier area , the mountains and immigrants do not









In the Qing Dynasty , the people had reached the Heilongjiang River in the Qing Dynasty .









It is not all for the direct purpose of consolidating the frontier , but the objective effect of the northeast migration activities









Fruit is directly serving the purpose of consolidating the frontier and eliminating the threat to the northeast frontier .









Su , history b has never been a period of time , as in the Qing Dynasty , to establish the northeast frontier in such a steady state









on the basis of a definite basis .









In the early years of the Qing Dynasty , the cultural transition zone in the northeast still stayed in the general model of the formation of the past dynasties .









However , as the migration of immigrants continues , the transition zone continues to shift north to the Qing Dynasty ,









It has reached Heilongjiang and other remote areas , and the northeast society has basically completed its inland transformation .









Cheng .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2003
【分類號(hào)】：K249

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前2條

1 王云紅;;清初流徙東北考[J];河南科技大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2009年06期

2 白宏鐘;;移民與東北近代社會(huì)文明的建構(gòu)(1860-1911)[J];中國(guó)社會(huì)歷史評(píng)論;2006年00期

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前5條

1 曹明;1860-1911年?yáng)|北地區(qū)招民墾荒研究[D];東北師范大學(xué);2015年

2 好比斯嘎拉圖;胡仁烏力格爾生成研究[D];中央民族大學(xué);2013年

3 孫鴻金;近代沈陽(yáng)城市發(fā)展與社會(huì)變遷（1898-1945）[D];東北師范大學(xué);2012年

4 趙奎濤;明末清初以來(lái)大凌河流域人地關(guān)系與生態(tài)環(huán)境演變研究[D];中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)（北京）;2010年

5 李巍;移民社會(huì)的文化記憶——遼寧民間社火研究[D];中央民族大學(xué);2010年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前10條

1 金旭柱;郭爾羅斯地區(qū)開(kāi)發(fā)與社會(huì)變遷（1800-1931）[D];西北大學(xué);2015年

2 牟翔;清代理事同知研究[D];中國(guó)政法大學(xué);2015年

3 趙巖;清代呼蘭建置沿革研究[D];黑龍江大學(xué);2015年

4 崔楠楠;清入關(guān)后漢軍旗人與漢族民人的滿語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)[D];遼寧大學(xué);2014年

5 楊四代;非傳統(tǒng)安全視域中的中朝邊境地區(qū)安全圖景[D];中央民族大學(xué);2013年

6 馮華;清代齊齊哈爾城興衰研究[D];中央民族大學(xué);2013年

7 賈麗娟;清代墨爾根副都統(tǒng)衙門(mén)研究[D];黑龍江大學(xué);2012年

8 董全軍;論晚清開(kāi)禁放墾與東北農(nóng)業(yè)開(kāi)發(fā)[D];齊齊哈爾大學(xué);2012年

9 劉喜友;清末至民國(guó)前期黑龍江關(guān)內(nèi)移民研究[D];哈爾濱師范大學(xué);2011年

10 何麗文;清末民初邊疆危機(jī)與黑龍江地區(qū)達(dá)斡爾族文化變遷研究[D];哈爾濱師范大學(xué);2011年

本文編號(hào)：2104135