本文選題：唐代 + 糧食��； 參考：《山東大學(xué)》2011年博士論文

【摘要】：糧食作為國(guó)計(jì)民生的最基本物資,在唐帝國(guó)的盛衰榮辱中扮演了重要角色。糧食問題處理得好,即國(guó)泰民安、軍力強(qiáng)盛、四夷賓服；糧食問題處理不好,就會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退、軍心不穩(wěn)、民心思變。唐代糧食問題,包括糧政思想、糧食生產(chǎn)、流通、分配、消費(fèi)及糧食政策的具體運(yùn)用等。糧政思想作為觀念上層建筑,對(duì)糧食政策制定有決定性影響；而糧食政策又直接影響著糧食生產(chǎn)、流通等狀況。正由于糧食在國(guó)計(jì)民生中的特殊地位,使得研究糧食問題可以作為了解唐代歷史的很好切入點(diǎn)。文章共分五個(gè)部分： 第一部分,唐代糧政思想。唐代人,特別是居于高位的皇帝和大臣,既繼承了前人重視糧食的基本觀點(diǎn),又有所發(fā)展。作為王朝政策的制定者和執(zhí)行者,其糧政思想能較好地轉(zhuǎn)化為實(shí)際生產(chǎn)力。因此,了解其糧政思想對(duì)我們認(rèn)識(shí)唐代經(jīng)濟(jì)制度和政策有重要意義。他們都認(rèn)識(shí)到糧食對(duì)于國(guó)計(jì)民生的重要性,認(rèn)識(shí)到：糧食乃民生之本源,糧價(jià)乃百價(jià)之根基,糧政乃治國(guó)之要舉。糧食不僅是人類賴以生存的最基本生活資料,還是國(guó)家重要的戰(zhàn)略物資、宏觀調(diào)控物資和應(yīng)急儲(chǔ)備物資,糧食安全關(guān)系著國(guó)家安全。因此,國(guó)家政權(quán)必須采取種種措施來恢復(fù)、發(fā)展糧食生產(chǎn)、保征人民和國(guó)家糧食儲(chǔ)備,并對(duì)糧食價(jià)格和糧食流通予以控制。很明顯,唐代前期,多數(shù)皇帝與大臣在思想上重視生產(chǎn)、愛惜民生,故而在政策上也體現(xiàn)為均田制、租庸調(diào)制、倉(cāng)廩制度等——強(qiáng)調(diào)的是如何發(fā)展與保障；而到唐后期,因?yàn)榫镏仆呓?政府在糧食生產(chǎn)上作用減弱,很多皇帝、大臣更多致力于思考如何橫征暴斂、魚肉百姓,故而在政策上也體現(xiàn)為兩稅法、貢賦三分、義倉(cāng)賦稅化等——強(qiáng)調(diào)的是如何聚斂與分配。這種經(jīng)濟(jì)思想上的差異,影響到國(guó)家政策,進(jìn)而影響到國(guó)運(yùn)盛衰,不能不引起重視。 第二部分,唐代糧食生產(chǎn)。在經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行中,國(guó)家政府并不總是站在百姓對(duì)立面。當(dāng)它能夠正確行使權(quán)力,既能為糧食生產(chǎn)提供制度保障,又能通過組織生產(chǎn)、興修水利、改良技術(shù)、指導(dǎo)田間管理等方式推動(dòng)生產(chǎn)發(fā)展。在專制權(quán)力高度集中的古代社會(huì),一個(gè)國(guó)家、一個(gè)地方糧食生產(chǎn)能否發(fā)展、百姓生活是否安樂,實(shí)在與皇帝、地方長(zhǎng)官的個(gè)人才能、品質(zhì)及施政方略有密切而直接的關(guān)系。正因如此,中國(guó)百姓有很深的“明君”和“清官”情結(jié)�？傮w而言,唐代前期糧食生產(chǎn)得到很好發(fā)展：均田制較好解決了勞動(dòng)力與土地結(jié)合問題,租庸調(diào)制為百姓生產(chǎn)提供了進(jìn)一步制度保障；耕地面積擴(kuò)大、人口數(shù)量增加,各地糧食單產(chǎn)、總產(chǎn)量提高,為唐帝國(guó)走向興盛奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。唐代后期,南北方糧食生產(chǎn)均遭不同程度破壞,但因?yàn)閼?zhàn)亂、割據(jù)的中心在北方,南方經(jīng)濟(jì)得到較快發(fā)展。再加上北方割據(jù)勢(shì)力強(qiáng)大,政府對(duì)江淮錢糧的依賴大為加強(qiáng)。但從人口遷移角度看,糧食生產(chǎn)重心轉(zhuǎn)移并不明顯,只能說南方也成為了重要糧食產(chǎn)區(qū)。在南北糧食生產(chǎn)發(fā)展中,許多荒地、山林、湖泊池陂得到迅速開發(fā),在緩解了人地矛盾的同時(shí),對(duì)局部生態(tài)環(huán)境也有所破壞,產(chǎn)生了些不良后果。 第三部分,唐代糧食流通。唐代糧食流通主要包括三部分內(nèi)容：糧食儲(chǔ)藏、糧食運(yùn)輸、糧食貿(mào)易。其一,唐王朝為滿足國(guó)家機(jī)器糧食需求,建立了一整套完備的倉(cāng)廩系統(tǒng)。其倉(cāng)建造科學(xué)、布局合理、管理嚴(yán)格。各倉(cāng)職能相對(duì)獨(dú)立又相互交叉,是聯(lián)系生產(chǎn)與消費(fèi)的紐帶,對(duì)調(diào)節(jié)市場(chǎng)糧食供求、保障國(guó)家糧食需要有重要意義。其二,在糧食運(yùn)輸方面,一方面是唐律令對(duì)各水、陸運(yùn)輸有細(xì)致而明確的規(guī)定；另方面是出現(xiàn)了一批批致力于改良運(yùn)道、保障供給的官吏,其中既有改良得法、卓有成效的裴耀卿、劉晏等,也有不顧實(shí)際、勞民傷財(cái)?shù)臈顒?wù)廉等。從糧食運(yùn)輸?shù)某绦蚩?是先集中再轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)；從糧食運(yùn)輸?shù)娜藛T看,既有百姓自運(yùn)也有專業(yè)雇傭人員；從糧食運(yùn)輸時(shí)間看,是嚴(yán)格期限與靈活規(guī)定相結(jié)合；從糧食運(yùn)輸?shù)姆绞娇?是既有陸路也有水路,漕運(yùn)具有舉足輕重的地位；從糧食運(yùn)輸?shù)木嚯x看,是既有短途運(yùn)輸也有長(zhǎng)距離運(yùn)輸。糧食運(yùn)輸順利與否,與唐王朝盛衰密切相關(guān)。其三,在糧食貿(mào)易方面,官方糧食貿(mào)易占有重要位置,民間糧食貿(mào)易也很活躍。唐政府對(duì)糧食貿(mào)易雖然采取較為自由的管理政策,但最大宗的糧食貿(mào)易都掌握在政府手里。政府糧食貿(mào)易的方式,也經(jīng)歷了主要由官府直接經(jīng)營(yíng)到更多假手中間商的演變。唐代民間糧食貿(mào)易發(fā)展迅速,不但參與人數(shù)眾多,經(jīng)營(yíng)理念也很豐富,他們倡導(dǎo)誠(chéng)信交易,并懂得使用廣告招攬。政府糧食貿(mào)易行為在保障軍糧供應(yīng)、平抑糧價(jià)、維護(hù)市場(chǎng)秩序方面,發(fā)揮了重要作用；民間糧食貿(mào)易行為在活躍市場(chǎng)、滿足百姓生活所需方面,也功不可沒。然而,由于農(nóng)民市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)行為具有不完全之特點(diǎn),結(jié)果就造成了中國(guó)古代社會(huì),雖然有時(shí)看上去商品經(jīng)濟(jì)非常繁榮,但更像是一種假象；雖然有時(shí)候參與市場(chǎng)活動(dòng)的人數(shù)眾多,但又缺乏商品經(jīng)濟(jì)全面發(fā)展所依賴的廣大社會(huì)基礎(chǔ)。也因此,古代商品經(jīng)濟(jì)難以發(fā)展成一種獨(dú)立的、強(qiáng)大的經(jīng)濟(jì)形式,也就不能產(chǎn)生出足以改變社會(huì)發(fā)展方向的新生政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)力量,中國(guó)古代社會(huì)也只能在一次次看似要“蛻變”的時(shí)候,卻又依然宿命般地“停滯”不前了。 第四部分,唐代糧食分配與消費(fèi)。唐代官府手里的糧食分配,主要指供應(yīng)皇室、百官俸祿、廚食、賑災(zāi)用糧及供應(yīng)軍隊(duì)用糧等。消費(fèi)方面,則先簡(jiǎn)要介紹唐代糧食加工的有關(guān)情況。唐代面粉加工業(yè)發(fā)展迅速,官方和私人碾xY遍及全國(guó)各地。另外,面食加工、釀酒等方面,唐代也有很大發(fā)展。在糧食消費(fèi)方面,皇室、官吏和軍隊(duì)的消費(fèi)無疑占有重要地位。為了更直觀地比較官民糧食消費(fèi)水平、了解唐代農(nóng)民生活狀況,對(duì)唐代官民收入及其生活水平進(jìn)行了粗略計(jì)算。結(jié)論是,唐代鼎盛時(shí)期,百姓生活狀態(tài)基本良好；安史之亂后,則總體限于貧困。農(nóng)民作為一個(gè)整體受到國(guó)家高度重視,但作為個(gè)體,其生活卻非常艱難。 第五部分,唐代糧食政策的具體運(yùn)用及其得失。唐政府充分利用糧食手段來治國(guó)安邦,主要表現(xiàn)有四：利用糧食斂散實(shí)現(xiàn)宏觀調(diào)控；通過賑濟(jì)災(zāi)荒維持社會(huì)穩(wěn)定；作為稅收補(bǔ)充支持國(guó)家財(cái)政；作為戰(zhàn)略物資保障國(guó)家安全。唐代糧食政策與管理體現(xiàn)出這樣的特點(diǎn)：一、在政策上,將糧食安全與國(guó)家安全放在一起考慮。二、在管理上,對(duì)糧食控制非常嚴(yán)格。三、在運(yùn)用上,將糧食運(yùn)作當(dāng)成治理國(guó)家的一種手段。但唐代糧食政策本身及其執(zhí)行中也存在種種問題,如政府為保障糧食生產(chǎn)限制農(nóng)民人身自由、采取重農(nóng)抑商政策,嚴(yán)重抑制了商品經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,從而更不得不依賴農(nóng)民,從政策上構(gòu)成了農(nóng)民貧困的根源；嚴(yán)格控制糧價(jià)導(dǎo)致農(nóng)民根本無法從市場(chǎng)行為中受益,只能承受“谷賤傷農(nóng)”、谷貴亦傷農(nóng)的悲慘宿命；糧食賑濟(jì)則有時(shí)“虛受吾君蠲免恩”,有時(shí)還遭遇地方官變本加厲的壓榨。但無論如何,研究唐代糧食問題,可以使我們從中得到借鑒：既要如唐王朝一樣對(duì)糧食問題引起足夠的、持久的重視,又要注意借鑒其經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn),健全法規(guī)制度,還應(yīng)該與時(shí)俱進(jìn)向發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家學(xué)習(xí),加大對(duì)糧食生產(chǎn)的補(bǔ)貼力度,維護(hù)國(guó)家糧食安全。
[Abstract]:Grain, as the most basic material for the national economy and the people's livelihood, plays an important role in the decline and disgrace of the Tang Empire. The food problem is handled well, that is, the state Tai and the people, the strength of the army, the four barbarians, and the grain problem, the economic decline, the instability of the army and the change of the people's hearts. The grain problems in the Tang Dynasty, including grain and political ideas, grain production, circulation, distribution, are the problems of grain. As the superstructure of concept, grain policy has a decisive influence on the formulation of grain policy, and the grain policy has a direct influence on grain production and circulation. Because of the special status of grain in the national economy and the people's livelihood, the study of grain can be a good way to understand the history of the Tang Dynasty. The article is divided into five parts:
The first part, the Tang Dynasty thought of grain administration. The Tang Dynasty people, especially the emperor and the minister in the high position, not only inherited the basic views of the grain, but also developed it. As the policymaker and executor of the dynasty policy, the grain and government thought could be transformed into the actual productive forces. Therefore, it was understood that the thought of grain administration thought to us the economic system of the Tang Dynasty. They all realize the importance of grain to the national economy and the people's livelihood. They realize that grain is the root of the people's livelihood, the basis of the price of grain is the basis of the price of grain, the food and government is the key to govern the country. Grain is not only the most basic living material for human existence, but also the important strategic material of the state, the macro regulation and control materials and the emergency reserve. As a result, food security is related to national security. Therefore, the state power must take various measures to restore, develop grain production, protect the people and national grain reserves, and control grain prices and grain circulation. It is obvious that in the early Tang Dynasty, most emperors and ministers thought about producing and cherishing the livelihood of the people. For the equal field system, renting the mediocre modulation, granary system and so on, it emphasizes how to develop and ensure the development and guarantee. In the late Tang Dynasty, because of the disintegration of the uniform system, the government's role in the grain production weakened, many emperors and ministers were more committed to thinking about how to collect the people, so that the two tax law was also embodied in the policy, the tribute Fu was three, and the granary was taxed. And so on -- emphasis is on how to amass and distribute. This kind of economic ideological difference affects national policies, and then affects the ups and downs of national movements.
The second part, the grain production in the Tang Dynasty. In economic operation, the state government does not always stand on the opposite side of the common people. When it is able to exercise power correctly, it can provide system guarantee for grain production, and can promote production and development by organizing production, building water conservancy, improving technology, guiding field management and so on. In a country, a country, a local grain production can develop, and the people's life is happy or not, it has a close and direct relationship with the emperor, the local chief's personal talent, the quality and the administration strategy. For this reason, the Chinese people have a deep "Ming Jun" and "clear official" complex. In general, the grain production in the early Tang Dynasty was very good. Development: the equal field system better solved the problem of the combination of labor and land, and the renting mediocre modulation provided a further system guarantee for the people's production; the cultivated land area expanded, the population increased, the grain production and total output increased, which laid a solid material base for the prosperity of the Tang Empire. In the late Tang Dynasty, the grain production in the South and the North was different. Degree destruction, but because of the war, the center of the separatist is in the north, the south economy has developed rapidly. In addition, with the powerful North separatist forces, the government's dependence on Jianghuai money and grain is greatly strengthened. But from the point of view of population migration, the shift of grain production center of gravity is not obvious, only the South has become an important grain producing area. During the exhibition, many wasteland, mountain forest and lake pond have been developed rapidly. At the same time, the contradiction between people and land is relieved and the local ecological environment has also been destroyed, and some adverse consequences have been produced.
The third part, the circulation of grain in the Tang Dynasty. The circulation of grain in the Tang Dynasty mainly includes three parts: grain storage, grain transportation and grain trade. First, the Tang Dynasty established a complete set of granary system to meet the grain demand of the state machine. The link between production and consumption is of great significance to regulating the supply and demand of the market and ensuring the national grain needs. In the field of grain transportation, on the one hand, the Tang and decrees have detailed and clear regulations on all water and land transport; on the other hand, there are a batch of officials who are committed to improving the transportation and ensuring supply. The fruitful Pei Yaoqing, Liu Yan and so on, but also have no regard to the actual situation, the people and the people are cheap, and so on. From the grain transport procedure, it is first to concentrate and then transshipment; from the view of grain transport personnel, both the people and the professional employees; from the time of grain transportation, it is the combination of the strict period and the flexible provisions; the way of transportation from grain. See, there are both land and water, water transport has a pivotal position. From the distance of grain transportation, it has both short and long distance transportation. The smooth grain transportation is closely related to the prosperity and decline of the Tang Dynasty. Thirdly, in the grain trade, the official grain trade occupies an important position and the folk grain trade is very active. Although the government has taken a more free management policy on the grain trade, the most bulk of the grain trade is in the hands of the government. The way of the government's grain trade has also experienced the evolution of the main merchants, which are mainly operated from government officials to more fake intermediaries. The folk grain trade in the Tang Dynasty has developed rapidly, not only in the large number of people, but also in the rich business philosophy. They have played an important role in guaranteeing the supply of grain, reducing the price of grain, and maintaining the order of the market. The behavior of the folk grain trade in the active market and to meet the needs of the people's lives, however, can not be ignored. However, the economic behavior of the farmer's market is not complete. As a result, the result has resulted in the ancient Chinese society. Although it sometimes appears that the commodity economy is very prosperous, it is more like an illusion. Although there are a large number of people involved in the market activities, there is a lack of social foundation for the overall development of commodity economy. The powerful economic form can not produce new politics and economic power that can change the direction of social development, and the ancient Chinese society can only be "stagnant", but still like "stagnation".
The fourth part, the distribution and consumption of grain in the Tang Dynasty. The distribution of grain in the hands of the government of the Tang Dynasty mainly refers to the supply of royalty, the salary of a hundred officials, the food and food, the food for disaster relief and the supply of grain for the army. In the consumption aspect, the food processing in the Tang Dynasty is briefly introduced. The Tang Dynasty flour processing industry has been developed rapidly, and the official and private xY spread throughout the country. In addition, In the aspects of pasta processing and wine making, the Tang Dynasty also developed greatly. In terms of food consumption, the consumption of the royal family, officials and the army undoubtedly played an important role. In order to compare the food consumption level of the officials and the people, understand the living conditions of the peasants in the Tang Dynasty and make a rough calculation of the income and the living level of the Tang Dynasty, the conclusion is that the Tang Dynasty was at its peak. The living state of the common people is basically good; after the turmoil of the history of Anshi, it is generally limited to poverty. As a whole, the peasants are highly valued by the state, but as individuals, their lives are very difficult.
The fifth part, the specific use of the Tang Dynasty grain policy and its gains and losses. The Tang government made full use of grain means to govern the state. The main performance of the Tang government is four: the use of grain convergence to achieve macro regulation and control; through relief famine to maintain social stability; as a tax supplement to support the state finance; for strategic materials to safeguard national security. The Tang Dynasty grain administration. Policy and management reflect such characteristics: first, in policy, the food security and national security should be considered together. Two, in the management, the grain control is very strict. Three, in the use of grain operation as a means to govern the country. But there are also various problems in the grain policy and its implementation in the Tang Dynasty, such as the government as a guarantee. Grain production restricts the personal freedom of farmers and adopts the policy of heavy farming and restraining commerce, which seriously inhibits the development of commodity economy, and thus has to rely on farmers and form the root of farmers' poverty from the policy. In any case, the study of the grain problem in the Tang Dynasty can be used for reference, as the Tang Dynasty, like the Tang Dynasty, should not only cause enough and lasting review of the grain problem, but also draw attention to its experience and lessons, and improve the regulation of the law. We should keep pace with the times, learn from developed countries, increase subsidies for food production, and safeguard national food security.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K242

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

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1 譚光萬;中國(guó)古代農(nóng)業(yè)商品化研究[D];西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué);2013年

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1 黃美;論唐代社會(huì)救助問題[D];安徽大學(xué);2014年

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