本文選題：宋代 + 赦宥�。� 參考：《河南大學(xué)》2011年博士論文

【摘要】：宋代赦宥制度在赦宥類型、數(shù)量和緣由等方面較前代均有所發(fā)展與創(chuàng)新,達(dá)到了中國古代赦宥制度發(fā)展的頂峰。宋代赦宥類型較為清晰明確,包含大赦、曲赦與德音,其赦宥次數(shù)又遠(yuǎn)超前后代。宋代的明堂、郊祀等大禮赦確立了固定的時間及頻率,這些對赦宥制度都產(chǎn)生了較大影響。 宋代赦書屬于七種“命令之體”中制書的一種,依附于赦宥制度的實施,它的內(nèi)容有著獨(dú)特而鮮明的時代特點。從唐朝中后期開始,赦書在赦罪和推恩內(nèi)容之外,又發(fā)展出“立法制、行禁令”的內(nèi)容。宋初,這種變化未被繼承,赦書內(nèi)容又回歸于傳統(tǒng)的赦罪與推恩。隨著社會形勢的發(fā)展,從北宋中后期開始,赦書中逐漸出現(xiàn)一些民事方面的禁止性規(guī)定,盡管所占比重尚小,但已明顯區(qū)別于北宋前期的赦書內(nèi)容。北宋末年,社會矛盾逐漸激化,地方財政困難突出,基層州縣財政征收的違法現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重化,赦書中開始出現(xiàn)一些約束州縣財政征收的條文。南宋以后,因地方財政負(fù)擔(dān)加重,基層財政征收體系進(jìn)一步被破壞。在這種情況下,因赦書的頒布對象直接面對州縣及百姓,它就越來越多的承擔(dān)著調(diào)節(jié)社會矛盾的作用。統(tǒng)治者試圖通過赦書改善州縣財政征收的無序狀態(tài),赦書中關(guān)于申飭約束方面的內(nèi)容增多,很多條文反復(fù)出現(xiàn),并逐漸固定化。 宋代赦書隨著內(nèi)容的增多,其蘊(yùn)含的信息量是其他任何官方文書所無可比擬的,這對赦書的制定者來說是一個很高的要求�？梢哉f,宋代赦書的制定是集體智慧的結(jié)晶。大量基層信息逐級上傳,最終形成獨(dú)立條目,然后被匯集成完整的赦書,所以,赦書呈現(xiàn)出來的特征就是條目繁多而又彼此獨(dú)立。赦書的制定由官僚體系中各個環(huán)節(jié)的人共同參與,包括各級地方官員、宰相、翰林學(xué)士等,而最終的決策權(quán)掌握在皇帝手中。赦書信息采集于基層,制定好的赦書條文最終又回饋于基層,以期對基層社會存在的矛盾進(jìn)行治理,這個回饋其實也是赦書從中央向民眾傳播的過程。赦書的傳遞要求較強(qiáng)的時效性,如何在最短的時間內(nèi)把赦書傳遞到社會的各個角落,是對赦書傳遞流程的考驗。赦書向基層的傳遞牽涉到很多問題,包括傳遞的速度、傳遞的過程、傳遞的方式等。 赦書傳遞到基層以后,對其具體執(zhí)行效果的探討是無法避免的。赦書中有不同類型的內(nèi)容,如減免罪刑、推恩、約束條文等,各種內(nèi)容因其社會關(guān)聯(lián)性的大小,執(zhí)行效果也有所區(qū)別。以赦書中關(guān)聯(lián)性較大的蠲免欠負(fù)內(nèi)容為例,赦書中該部分內(nèi)容的實際執(zhí)行者是基層州縣官員,他們的態(tài)度與動機(jī)直接影響政策的執(zhí)行。赦書一再要求州縣官員依法蠲免,但宋代財政征收存在的不可解決的“階層性集權(quán)”方式,造成州縣財政匱乏。州縣運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)依賴于這些民間財賦,所以,赦書的執(zhí)行影響到州縣的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。另外,州縣對此項政策的執(zhí)行也牽涉到上至監(jiān)司,下至州縣胥吏的利益,各級官府的逐利性造成了執(zhí)行效果的不理想。 宋代赦宥的推行備受爭議,很多官員批判宋代的濫赦、頻赦破壞了法律的公正性。事實上,宋代統(tǒng)治者也在盡力避免這種不公平,制定了法令限制赦宥的范圍,規(guī)定了一些不因大赦原減的嚴(yán)重罪行。這一方面是因為這些不赦的罪行罪惡極大,觸犯了宋代統(tǒng)治秩序,另一方面也是統(tǒng)治者自覺的維護(hù)法律的效力。赦宥制度固然有其弊端,但它在宋代某些特殊時期也發(fā)揮了重要的作用。
[Abstract]:The pardon system in the Song Dynasty has developed and innovating in terms of pardon types, quantity and reason, which reached the peak of the development of the ancient pardon system in China. The types of pardon in the Song Dynasty were clear and clear, including amnesty, amnesty and German, and the number of pardon was far ahead of the future generations. The pardon of the Song Dynasty, the Ming Tang and the suburban sacrifices, established a fixed time And frequency, which have great influence on the system of pardon.
The book of pardon in the Song Dynasty belongs to one of the seven "orders of the body", attached to the implementation of the pardon system, and its content has a unique and distinct characteristics of the times. From the late Tang Dynasty, the amnesty began to Amnesty the crime and the content of the push and developed the content of "legislative and prohibition". In the early Song Dynasty, this change was not inherited, and the content of pardon books was again With the development of the traditional social situation, with the development of the social situation, from the late Northern Song Dynasty to the late Song Dynasty, there are some civil prohibitions. Although the proportion of the pardon is still small, it is obviously different from the content of the pardon in the early Northern Song Dynasty. The social contradictions gradually intensified in the late Northern Song Dynasty, the local financial difficulties were outstanding and the grass-roots state and county wealth. The illegal phenomenon of political expropriation is serious, and there are some provisions restricting the collection of state and county finance in the amnesty book. After the Southern Song Dynasty, the local financial burden is aggravated and the system of the primary financial collection has been further destroyed. In this case, more and more social contradictions are taken to regulate the social contradictions because the object of the amnesty book is directly faced with the state county and the Hundred Surnames. The rulers tried to Amnesty the disordered state of the state's financial expropriation through the amnesty, and the contents of the amnesty books on the restraining and restraining contents increased, and many articles appeared repeatedly and gradually fixed.
As the content increased, the amount of information contained in the Song Dynasty was incomparable to any other official document. It was a high requirement for the enactment of the amnesty. It can be said that the formulation of the amnesty of the Song Dynasty is the crystallization of collective wisdom. So the book, so the pardon is characterized by a wide range of entries and independence. The amnesty is made by the people of the bureaucratic system, including local officials at all levels, the prime minister, the bachelors, and so on, and the final decision-making power is in the hands of the emperor. The pardon information is collected at the grass-roots level, and the provisions of the amnesty are finally given back and back to the end. At the grass-roots level, in order to govern the contradictions in the grass-roots society, this feedback is also the process of spreading the book of pardon from the center to the public. The transfer of pardon books requires a strong timeliness, and how to transfer the pardon to every corner of the society in the shortest possible time. It is a test of the process of pardon the book of pardon. Many problems include the speed of transmission, the process of transmission, the way of transmission.
After the pardon is passed to the grass-roots level, the discussion of its specific implementation effect is unavoidable. There are different types of content in the pardon books, such as the reduction of crime, punishment, and restraint, and the effect is also different because of its social relevance. The actual executor of the content is the official of the grass-roots Prefecture and county, their attitude and motivation directly affect the implementation of the policy. The amnesty book has repeatedly asked the state and county officials to be exemted from the law, but the financial expropriation of the Song Dynasty is an impractical "hierarchical centralization" way to cause the state county financial shortage. In addition, the implementation of this policy is also involved in the supervision of the prefectures and prefectures, to the interests of the prefectures and counties, and the performance of the government at all levels is not ideal.
Many officials criticized the absolution of the Song Dynasty, and many officials criticized the absolution of the Song Dynasty. The amnesty of the Song Dynasty destroyed the justice of the law. In fact, the rulers of the Song Dynasty also tried to avoid this injustice, set up decrees to limit the scope of pardon and set some serious crimes that were not reduced by the amnesty. This is because these unpardonable crimes are extremely evil. It violated the ruling order of the Song Dynasty, and on the other hand, the rulers consciously maintained the validity of the law. Although the pardon system had its drawbacks, it also played an important role in some special periods of the Song Dynasty.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K244

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 陳照紅;宋代赦降制度的法律分析[D];復(fù)旦大學(xué);2012年

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本文編號：2092357