本文選題：清代 + 徽商　； 參考：《西南政法大學(xué)》2008年碩士論文

【摘要】： 民事經(jīng)營中的“合伙”在史料中常稱“合本”、“連財(cái)”等,這種經(jīng)營形式在中國至少可上溯至2000多年前的春秋戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期。幾千年來,我國一直傳頌著管仲和鮑叔牙合伙經(jīng)營,鮑讓利于管的佳話。中國古代商業(yè)中的合伙經(jīng)營發(fā)展到漢代已顯完備,其主要標(biāo)志是:合伙者之間開始訂有專門契約來規(guī)范合伙各方行為。隋唐以后,合伙經(jīng)營更為流行。到了明清以后,商事中的合伙經(jīng)營更為發(fā)達(dá),涉及到的行業(yè)更廣,也更加流行和規(guī)范化。在清代,不僅民間日用雜書中已有“合伙”經(jīng)營例子出現(xiàn),而且合伙合同的使用也進(jìn)入了社會(huì)規(guī)范化的階段。這種以文字合同方式規(guī)定合資雙方權(quán)利和義務(wù)的文本,一直為明清時(shí)期的徽商所沿用。合伙合同的發(fā)展是經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)發(fā)展的結(jié)果,研究合伙合同對于理解清代的民商事法律制度大有裨益。 本文以歙縣糧商程振之等五人合伙出資開設(shè)糧行的一張合同入手,通過引用史料和分析,介紹清代徽商合伙合同,分析徽商合伙合同的法律構(gòu)成要件,總結(jié)了徽商合伙合同的類型。然后將其與承攬合同和借貸契約相比較,論述清代徽商合伙合同對徽商、當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)以及現(xiàn)在經(jīng)營理念的意義。希望能夠?qū)丈萄芯勘M一點(diǎn)綿薄之力。除了引言和結(jié)語外,正文分為五個(gè)部分。 第一部分是清代徽商合伙合同概述。徽商是明清兩朝我國最重要的商幫之一,曾稱雄我國商界數(shù)百年。其影響之大、人數(shù)之多、活動(dòng)區(qū)域之廣為當(dāng)時(shí)其它商幫所不及。是我國商業(yè)發(fā)展史上的一個(gè)奇跡。研究徽商具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。隨著對徽商研究深入,“徽學(xué)”界普遍認(rèn)識到對徽州文書研究的重要學(xué)術(shù)價(jià)值,而徽商合伙合同便是一種有研究價(jià)值的徽州文書。因此首先要介紹徽商的由來,接著闡述了合伙合同的產(chǎn)生、發(fā)展。為了更清楚理解為何本文中稱清代合伙文書為合同,借貸文書為契約。本部分對清代“契約”與“合同”內(nèi)涵作了界定。最后介紹了徽州文書的研究現(xiàn)狀,正是有了對徽州文書研究的發(fā)展,本文才得以有一定的資料進(jìn)行探析。 第二部分歸納了清代徽商合伙合同的法律構(gòu)成要件。該部分以清徽商程振之等五人合伙合同入手,歸納了合同五個(gè)要件:主體要件、意思表示、資本要件、權(quán)利義務(wù)和形式要件�？梢钥闯銮宕丈毯匣锖贤谛问胶蛢�(nèi)容上都相當(dāng)完備。其規(guī)范性在當(dāng)時(shí)來說,不得不說在徽州文書方面是一個(gè)突破。 第三部分對清代微商合伙合同進(jìn)行分類。以合伙各方出資是否均等將清代徽商合伙合同劃分為等額出資合伙合同和不等額出資合伙合同;然后以合伙各方的關(guān)系即合伙的對象將合伙合同分為血緣合伙合同和非血緣合伙合同,這對從更深層次上理解徽商合伙合同成為血緣和地緣的紐帶的原因有很大幫助。 第四部分將清代徽商合伙合同與其他近似契約文書進(jìn)行比較研究。一方面通過例證將合伙合同與承攬合同進(jìn)行比較,闡明了二者在主體身分、職責(zé)、盈虧分配三個(gè)方面的不同,并指出這兩種經(jīng)營方式是可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換的;另一方面從內(nèi)容、利益關(guān)系和法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn)三個(gè)方面說明借貸契約與合伙合同的區(qū)別,同時(shí)對當(dāng)前一些學(xué)者將二者歸為一類進(jìn)行評析,指出其中的不妥之處。 第五部分在對清代徽商合伙合同研究基礎(chǔ)上著重論述了徽商合伙合同的影響和意義。首先體現(xiàn)在對徽商自身上,清代徽商合伙合同從一個(gè)側(cè)面揭示了徽商法制觀念的增強(qiáng),以及依法經(jīng)營理念的強(qiáng)化,同時(shí)通過合伙經(jīng)營增強(qiáng)了群體效益,有利于徽商競爭實(shí)力的增強(qiáng)。其次,合伙經(jīng)營加速了商業(yè)資本積累,強(qiáng)化了徽商之間聯(lián)系。而且合伙合同對具體史學(xué)的研究也大有裨益。最后,徽商合伙經(jīng)營重合同、講誠信的經(jīng)營理念,及在合伙人的選擇原則上對當(dāng)今的商業(yè)經(jīng)營提供了有益的借鑒。
[Abstract]:In the past few thousand years , the partnership between China and China has become more developed , and it is more popular and more standardized . In the Qing Dynasty , the partnership between the two parties has been developed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties .


This paper starts with a contract for the establishment of a grain bank by means of five - person partnership , such as Cheng Zhenzhi , Shanxi Province . By quoting historical materials and analysis , the paper introduces the legal constitutive requirements of the Huizhou partnership contract , summarizes the types of the Huizhou partnership contract . Then it discusses the significance of the Huizhou partnership contract to the Huizhou , then the society and the present business concept . It is hoped that the Huizhou Merchants partnership contract will be able to make a little bit of the research . Besides the introduction and conclusion , the text is divided into five parts .


The first part is an overview of the partnership contract of Huizhou merchants . Huizhou is one of the most important businessmen in the Ming and Qing dynasties . It is a miracle in the history of China ' s business development . It is a miracle in the history of business development .


The second part induces the legal constitutive requirements of the Hui Merchants partnership contract in the Qing Dynasty . This part starts with the five - person partnership contract , such as the Cheng Zhenzhi , and induces the five elements of the contract : the principal elements , the meaning representation , the capital elements , the rights and obligations and the formal requirements . It can be seen that the contract of the Huizhou Merchants in the Qing Dynasty is quite complete in the form and content .


In the third part , the contract is classified according to the partnership contract of the Qing Dynasty . The partnership contract is divided into equal investment partnership contract and non - equal investment partnership contract . The partnership contract is divided into the partnership contract and the non - blood - edge partnership contract .


The fourth part compares the partnership contract with other similar contract instruments in the Qing Dynasty . On the one hand , the differences between the loan contract and the partnership contract are explained by comparing the partnership contract with the contract contract . On the other hand , the differences between the loan contract and the partnership contract are explained from the three aspects of content , interest relation and legal risk .


The fifth part focuses on the influence and significance of Huizhou ' s partnership contract on the basis of the research on the partnership contract of Huizhou merchants . First , it reveals the strengthening of the concept of Huizhou ' s legal system from one side and the strengthening of business concept according to law .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：D923.6;D929

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