發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-06-27 17:29

  本文選題：清代 + 晉北　； 參考：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：土地利用是全球變化最直接、最重要的表現(xiàn),是研究自然與人文過(guò)程的理想切入點(diǎn)。土地利用/土地覆被變化(LUCC)研究計(jì)劃的提出,使土地利用變化研究成為目前全球變化研究的前沿和熱點(diǎn),其中對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱區(qū)的土地利用變化研究具有重要的理論和實(shí)踐意義。晉北地區(qū)位于我國(guó)黃土高原東北部,屬于北方農(nóng)牧交錯(cuò)帶,地形地貌復(fù)雜,生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱。本文主要工作包括復(fù)原清代晉北地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用過(guò)程和變化,并從多方面、多角度對(duì)土地利用變化的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素進(jìn)行深入分析。 為了更好地研究這一主題,本文在充分討論區(qū)域土地的自然屬性和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)屬性、土地登記制度等相關(guān)問(wèn)題的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)區(qū)域土地利用過(guò)程、變化展開(kāi)討論,從農(nóng)作物的種植與分布角度展現(xiàn)土地利用的具體狀態(tài),并從生計(jì)多樣性的角度分析土地利用方式的區(qū)域差異,最后,對(duì)區(qū)域土地利用變化驅(qū)動(dòng)力進(jìn)行深入討論。本文有步驟、有鋪墊地對(duì)清代晉北地區(qū)土地利用過(guò)程、變化及驅(qū)動(dòng)因素問(wèn)題進(jìn)行討論,更是以土地利用為平臺(tái)展開(kāi)的人地關(guān)系探討。 土地的自然屬性與土地利用關(guān)系密切。從自然環(huán)境的常態(tài)和自然災(zāi)害角度對(duì)區(qū)域自然環(huán)境進(jìn)行宏觀把握并分析區(qū)域特征,初步分析該環(huán)境對(duì)于區(qū)域土地利用尤其是農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的影響。清代晉北地形地貌復(fù)雜多樣,氣候較今寒冷,降水山地多于平地,年季分配不均,境內(nèi)水環(huán)境、土壤、植被等區(qū)域差異表現(xiàn)明顯。自然災(zāi)害討論中主要對(duì)旱災(zāi)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,認(rèn)為旱災(zāi)發(fā)生頻次整體平穩(wěn)中稍有下降；旱災(zāi)發(fā)生等級(jí)稍呈上升趨勢(shì),并將重建旱災(zāi)序列與現(xiàn)有雨季序列比對(duì),結(jié)果呈現(xiàn)一致性,較好說(shuō)明清代晉北氣候特征及變化。 作為區(qū)域土地利用的重要背景,本文對(duì)區(qū)域土地關(guān)系加以關(guān)注。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：清代晉北官田、民田格局逐漸形成后出現(xiàn)一些變化,主要表現(xiàn)為衛(wèi)所屯田、贍軍地、牧場(chǎng)地等官田民地化；不同區(qū)域內(nèi)至清末出現(xiàn)土地買賣頻繁的現(xiàn)象,但原因不同；認(rèn)為清代(至少在清末)晉北存在永佃制,但分布具有區(qū)域性,并且存在不完全永佃和地域特色的永佃；認(rèn)為土地分配與租佃形態(tài)存在區(qū)域差異,分成租制比較普遍,不能以單一的因素來(lái)解釋租佃關(guān)系的形成；清政府對(duì)土地買賣、租佃的管理主要體現(xiàn)在契稅的征收,國(guó)家層面的管理需要和地方實(shí)情相結(jié)合,會(huì)受到地方整體環(huán)境的制約。晉北土地關(guān)系特征反映了晉北農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的落后,同時(shí)與區(qū)域生態(tài)環(huán)境密不可分,會(huì)對(duì)區(qū)域土地利用產(chǎn)生影響。 土地登記制度及田賦稅額確定內(nèi)容的討論,主要涉及明清山西土地清丈與土地登記制度的演變、稅額確定以及田賦征收的區(qū)域自主性等問(wèn)題。通過(guò)由明至清山西地區(qū)土地清丈、政府對(duì)于土地登記的管理以及地方社會(huì)的自主性等問(wèn)題的討論,對(duì)明清山西土地登記制度提出若干看法,包括對(duì)于明代萬(wàn)歷山西清丈的認(rèn)識(shí),對(duì)于明清山西土地登記制度的認(rèn)識(shí),以及對(duì)于山西冊(cè)載田賦數(shù)據(jù)的評(píng)價(jià)。其中比較核心的觀點(diǎn)是認(rèn)為明代山西折畝廣泛存在,清代繼續(xù)延續(xù)這種習(xí)慣,并逐漸形成折畝基礎(chǔ)上的級(jí)差賦稅。田賦數(shù)據(jù)變化可以反映土地利用變化趨勢(shì),目前只能對(duì)部分州縣土地?cái)?shù)字嘗試修訂。 在此基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)清代晉北地區(qū)耕地利用的時(shí)空分布進(jìn)行探討,包括來(lái)自田賦數(shù)據(jù)的整體考察和來(lái)自部分縣級(jí)數(shù)據(jù)修訂的區(qū)域考察。整體討論了縣級(jí)冊(cè)載田賦數(shù)據(jù)的數(shù)值與分布,數(shù)據(jù)顯示清代晉北地區(qū)耕地利用的變化不大,土地墾殖在乾隆時(shí)期達(dá)到峰值,沒(méi)有繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng),稍有下降,整體波動(dòng)不大。又在相關(guān)可行性分析的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)部分州縣耕地?cái)?shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行修訂考察,結(jié)果顯示修訂后的明清數(shù)據(jù)與1953年數(shù)據(jù)較為符合,各縣數(shù)據(jù)變化趨勢(shì)基本一致,同各時(shí)期田賦稅畝相比,要高于田賦稅畝的可靠性。其后文章對(duì)時(shí)間斷面下的土地墾殖率和人均耕地進(jìn)行分析,總體顯示本次修訂是較為可信的。認(rèn)為這種修訂結(jié)果一定程度上反映了區(qū)域土地利用特征,不具有全面性但具有一定區(qū)域代表性。清代晉北地區(qū)土地墾殖過(guò)程總體分為明末清初的土地拋荒期,清初至乾隆時(shí)期的土地復(fù)墾期以及乾隆以后土地墾殖的下降期。 清代晉北農(nóng)作物種植受區(qū)域地理環(huán)境的影響比較顯著,作物種類較少,種植結(jié)構(gòu)單一。黍、稷、粟、粱等傳統(tǒng)作物普遍種植,麥類作物種植比例不高,很少種宿麥。莜麥、蕎麥和胡麻是本區(qū)特色作物,種植廣泛。稻類作物只在黃河、滹沱河、桑干河沿岸略有種植。隨著馬鈴薯、玉米等美洲作物的傳入,晉北的作物種植結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變,尤其體現(xiàn)在馬鈴薯的引種及發(fā)展方面。晚清罌粟在晉北地區(qū)的廣泛種植是作物種植結(jié)構(gòu)改變的另一個(gè)突出表現(xiàn),罌粟種植屢禁不止,利益的驅(qū)動(dòng)、人為因素等是作物種植結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變的重要因素。文末對(duì)清代晉北作物種植制度進(jìn)行總結(jié)。 從民眾生計(jì)多樣性的角度分析了清代晉北地區(qū)土地利用方式的區(qū)域差異。農(nóng)業(yè)方面充分展現(xiàn)了土地利用區(qū)域差異的普遍存在,鄉(xiāng)民能夠因地制宜的發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。清代晉北地區(qū)的林地主要分布在晉西北管涔山、蘆芽山、五臺(tái)山等山區(qū),晉西北山區(qū)農(nóng)林轉(zhuǎn)化比較突出,山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)民已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到濫砍濫伐、毀林開(kāi)荒等帶來(lái)的嚴(yán)重影響,采取了一些護(hù)林措施。牧業(yè)方面,晉北大朔地區(qū)、晉西北寧武、保德等地、五臺(tái)山地區(qū)等都廣泛分布草地資源,牧業(yè)發(fā)達(dá),民眾多以牧養(yǎng)為生,充分體現(xiàn)研究區(qū)域農(nóng)牧交錯(cuò)的地域特征。清代晉北地區(qū)煤炭資源豐富,雁北、晉西北、五臺(tái)山等地都廣泛分布,與鄉(xiāng)民生活息息相關(guān)。晉北土鹽主要分布于大同盆地和忻定盆地,土鹽的生產(chǎn)及銷售與區(qū)域土地利用問(wèn)題關(guān)系密切。采集業(yè)等其他營(yíng)生方式的選擇體現(xiàn)了人類活動(dòng)對(duì)環(huán)境的適應(yīng)調(diào)整,環(huán)境壓力下的人口外流、出口謀生行為也是本區(qū)土地利用狀況的一種反映。 文章最后從自然因素和人文因素兩個(gè)大類討論了清代晉北土地利用的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素問(wèn)題。關(guān)于自然因素的討論主要從自然常態(tài)因素和自然災(zāi)害兩方面展開(kāi)論述,人文因素主要從土地墾殖政策、衛(wèi)所行政化、田賦制度、人口、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、民族、宗教、風(fēng)俗等方面進(jìn)行分析。論述中注意把握兩個(gè)問(wèn)題,一是所考慮的因素是否具有驅(qū)動(dòng)力,二是如何驅(qū)動(dòng),驅(qū)動(dòng)力程度如何。研究認(rèn)為種種人文因素都要落腳于自然因素之上,與之發(fā)生綜合,作用于土地利用,充分顯示晉北地區(qū)自然因素的制約作用,這屬于第一層面,第二個(gè)需要關(guān)注的層面是制度政策方面的驅(qū)動(dòng),晉北地方土地利用對(duì)于這些政策的實(shí)施顯現(xiàn)出其應(yīng)有的敏感性,第三個(gè)層面來(lái)自于人口、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)等方面的影響,民族、宗教、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等社會(huì)文化方面的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素屬于第四個(gè)層面。歷史時(shí)期土地利用變化的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素是復(fù)雜多樣的,這種復(fù)雜不僅來(lái)源于驅(qū)動(dòng)因子的多樣,還在于作用機(jī)制的復(fù)雜,往往并不是某種單一的驅(qū)動(dòng)因子孤立地對(duì)土地利用發(fā)生作用。
[Abstract]:Land use is the most direct and important performance of global change. It is an ideal breakthrough point for the study of natural and human processes. Land use / land cover change (LUCC) research program has made the study of land use change become the frontier and hot spot of global change research at present. The North Shanxi area is located in the northeast of the Loess Plateau of China, which belongs to the northern agro pastoral ecotone. The terrain and landforms are complex and the ecological environment is fragile. The main work of this paper is to restore the process and change of agricultural land use in the northern Shanxi Province in the Qing Dynasty, and to carry out the driving factors of the land use change from many aspects. In - depth analysis.
In order to study this subject better, this paper discusses the process of regional land use and changes the specific state of land use from the point of view of the variety of livelihoods on the basis of the related issues such as the natural attributes and socioeconomic attributes of regional land, the land registration system and other related problems. The regional differences in land use patterns are analyzed. Finally, the driving forces of regional land use change are discussed in depth. This paper has steps to discuss the land use process, change and driving factors in the northern Shanxi area of the Qing Dynasty, and the land use as a platform to explore the relationship between land and land.
The natural property of the land is closely related to the land use. From the natural environment and natural disasters, the regional natural environment is grasped and analyzed, and the influence of the environment on the regional land use, especially the agricultural production is preliminarily analyzed. The topography of the northern Shanxi Province is complex and varied, the climate is cold and the mountain area is precipitation. More than flat land, the annual seasonal distribution is uneven, the regional water environment, soil, vegetation and other regional differences are obvious. In the discussion of natural disasters, the drought disaster is mainly statistically analyzed, and it is considered that the frequency of drought is slightly decreased in overall stability; the grade of drought disaster is slightly upward trend, and the reconstruction drought sequence is compared with the existing rain season sequence, and the result is presented. Consistency shows the climate characteristics and changes in northern Shanxi in the Qing Dynasty.
As an important background of regional land use, this paper pays attention to the regional land relationship. It is found that there are some changes after the gradual formation of the pattern of civil field in the northern Shanxi Province in the Qing Dynasty. It holds that the Qing Dynasty (at least in the late Qing Dynasty) has the permanent tenancy system in the northern Shanxi Province, but the distribution is regional, and there is a permanent tenancy of not completely permanent tenancy and regional characteristics; there is a regional difference between the land distribution and tenancy form, and it is divided into renting system, which can not explain the formation of the tenancy relationship with a single factor; the Qing government deals with land and rents the land. The management of the tenancy is mainly embodied in the levying of the deed tax. The management of the state needs to be combined with the local facts and will be restricted by the local environment. The characteristics of the land relationship in the north of Shanxi reflect the backwardness of the agricultural economy in northern Shanxi, and are closely related to the regional ecological environment, and will have an impact on the land use in the region.
The discussion on the system of land registration and the content of the tax amount of the farmland mainly involves the evolution of the land clearance and land registration system in Shanxi in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the determination of the tax amount and the regional autonomy of the land expropriation. Through the land clearance from the Ming to the Qing Dynasty, the government's management of the land registration and the autonomy of the local society. The paper puts forward some views on the land registration system in Shanxi in Ming and Qing Dynasties, including the understanding of the Qing Dynasty in Shanxi in the Ming Dynasty, the understanding of the land registration system in Shanxi in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the evaluation of the data on the volume of the farmland contained in Shanxi, which is the core of which is that the Qing Dynasty has a widespread existence in Shanxi, and the Qing Dynasty continues to continue this habit, and The change of land tax data can reflect the trend of land use change. At present, only some counties and counties can be revised.
On this basis, the temporal and spatial distribution of cultivated land utilization in the northern Shanxi area of the Qing Dynasty was discussed, including the overall survey of the farmland data and the regional survey from some county data revisions. The numerical value and distribution of the farmland data on the county level were discussed as a whole. The data showed that the land use of the northern Shanxi Province was not changed, and the land was cultivated in the dry land. On the basis of the relevant feasibility analysis, the cultivated land data of some states and counties were revised and investigated. The results showed that the revised Ming and Qing data were more consistent with the 1953 data, and the trend of data change in each county was basically consistent, and compared with the farmland tax in each period, it should be higher. After the analysis of land reclamation rate and per capita cultivated land under the time section, the article shows that this revision is more credible. It is believed that the revised results reflect the characteristics of regional land use to a certain extent, not comprehensive but with a definite regional representation. Land reclamation in the northern Shanxi area of the Qing Dynasty was reclaimed. The whole process is divided into the period of land abandonment in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, the land reclamation period from the early Qing Dynasty to the Qianlong period and the decline period of land reclamation after Qianlong.
The crops planting in the northern part of the Jin Dynasty was significantly affected by regional geographic environment, with less crop species and single planting structure. The traditional crops such as millet, millet, millet and sorghum were widely cultivated, and the proportion of wheat crops was not high, and there were few species of Lodge. Naked oats, buckwheat and flax were the characteristics of this area and were widely cultivated. The rice crops were only in the Yellow River, Hutuo and Sanger rivers. Along with the introduction of the American crops such as potatoes and corn, the planting structure of the crops in the northern Shanxi province changed, especially in the introduction and development of the potato. The extensive cultivation of the poppy in the north of Shanxi was another prominent manifestation of the change of crop planting structure in the late Qing Dynasty. Vegetarian and so on are important factors for the change of crop planting structure.
The regional differences in land use patterns in the northern Shanxi region of the Qing Dynasty were analyzed from the perspective of the diversity of the livelihood of the people in the Qing Dynasty. The agricultural aspects fully demonstrated the common existence of regional differences in land use, and the villagers could develop agricultural production in the light of local conditions. The forest land in the northern Shanxi Province was mainly distributed in the mountains of the Mt. The transformation of agroforestry in the mountainous areas of Northwestern Shanxi is relatively prominent. The villagers in the mountain areas have already realized the serious effects of deforestation and deforestation, and have taken some forest protection measures. Pasture resources are widely distributed in the pastoral areas, the North Shanxi North shinoo region, the northwest of Shanxi Ningwu, Baode and other places in the Mount Wutai area. In the Qing Dynasty, the northern Shanxi Province is rich in coal resources, the north of the Shanxi, the northwest of Shanxi, the Mount Wutai and other places are widely distributed, which are closely related to the life of the villagers. The soil salt in the north of Shanxi is mainly distributed in Datong Basin and Xinding Basin, and the production and sale of soil salt are closely related to the problem of regional land use. The choice of the way reflects the adaptation of the human activities to the environment, the outflow of the population under the environmental pressure and the export of livelihood is also a reflection of the land use situation in this area.
In the end, the paper discusses the driving factors of land use in the northern Shanxi Province in the Qing Dynasty from two major categories of natural and humanistic factors. The discussion of natural factors mainly from two aspects of natural factors and natural disasters. The human factors are mainly from the land reclamation policy, the government, the farmland system, the population, the war, the nationality, and the religion. Analysis of customs and other aspects. In the discussion, two problems are taken into account, one is whether the factors considered are driving force, the two is how to drive and how the driving force is, and the research holds that all kinds of human factors should fall on the natural factors and integrate with the natural factors, which can fully display the constraints of natural factors in the northern Shanxi region. This belongs to the first level. The second level of concern is the drive of institutional policy. The land use of the northern Shanxi Province shows its due sensitivity to the implementation of these policies. The third levels come from the influence of population, war and other aspects, and the driving factors of the social and cultural aspects such as ethnic, religious and custom are belong to the third. Four levels. The driving factors of land use change in historical period are complex and diverse. This complexity is not only due to the diversity of driving factors but also the complexity of the mechanism of action, which is often not a single driving factor in isolation of land use.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K249;F301

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