本文選題：明清 + 江淮��； 參考：《廈門大學》2004年博士論文

【摘要】：自然災害是指自然力對人類社會造成的損害。明清時期江淮地區(qū)的自然災害主要包括水、旱、蝗、潮、瘟疫、地震、大風、冰雹、雪災和低溫霜凍等。本文以災害為切入點，試圖對明清時期的自然災害與江淮地區(qū)社會經(jīng)濟互動過程作一系統(tǒng)而深入地考察，，以冀對豐富歷史研究內(nèi)容以及今天江淮地區(qū)的社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和防災減災大有裨益。 全文以災害的生成與人類的應對為主線，分置七章。第一章論述明清時期江淮地區(qū)的生態(tài)環(huán)境和人文環(huán)境。自然災害的發(fā)生是自然這一外營力作用于人類社會的過程，是自然因素和社會因素共同作用的結果。一方面，江淮地區(qū)過渡性的地形、氣候、水系是造成該地區(qū)多災的重要自然地理因子。而南宋以來的黃河奪淮又擾亂了江淮地區(qū)的水系，從而增加了自然因子的孕災機率。另一方面，明清時期江淮地區(qū)人地關系失調(diào)所造成的農(nóng)業(yè)過度墾殖，廢湖涸塘為田，伐林拓地墾荒，使得原本就比較脆弱的自然生態(tài)環(huán)境更趨惡化，這樣又加大了成災的強度和頻度。南宋以降，屢遭災害襲擊的江淮地區(qū)社會經(jīng)濟長期處于停滯狀態(tài)，至明清時期仍然處在“不發(fā)展”的農(nóng)耕社會階段，這種農(nóng)耕社會環(huán)境雖然不是導致災害發(fā)生的原因，但這種經(jīng)濟形態(tài)無疑加大了災害的破壞力和破壞程度。而頻繁的災害和災度的放大，反過來又大大降低它自身處理和化解災害以迅速恢復生產(chǎn)的的能力。 第二章分災種概述明清時期江淮地區(qū)的災情。水災為江淮諸災種之首，主要有雨水之災、山洪之災、江河湖漫溢決口之災、坍江之災四種類型。旱災是僅次于水災的災種。從時間分布上看，江淮地區(qū)水旱災害多集中于春夏秋三季。從空間分布上看，旱災發(fā)生的機率由江淮南部向北部逐漸加大，其中江淮丘陵地區(qū)旱災比較嚴重。沿淮、沿江一帶多堤防潰決之災，江淮西部和中東部山地多山洪之災，里下河地區(qū)多壩水之災，長江三角洲北岸平原多坍江之災。蝗災和旱災相關性很強，一般都是旱蝗相繼。除了沿江洲地和湖區(qū)、江淮平原、濱海平原低洼之地是蝗蟲的適生地以外，江淮的蝗災多是飛蝗所為。江淮的潮災有風暴潮、海水漫溢、涵水倒灌、江潮諸形式，以風暴潮、江潮成災最重。瘟疫、地震、大風、冰雹、雪災和低溫霜凍雖然不是江淮地區(qū)的主要災種，但災害降臨時都具有極強的破壞性。 第三章從生產(chǎn)力和社會秩序兩個方面論述了災害對江淮地區(qū)社會經(jīng)濟的強烈沖擊。災害往往造成人口的大量死亡和逃亡，從而使得災地人口大量的缺失，對生產(chǎn)力產(chǎn)生極大的破壞。災荒頻仍還是江淮部分地區(qū)逃荒習俗形成的一個重要原因。 中文摘要 災害還使災地耕地嚴重缺損，耕作制度發(fā)生一定程度的逆轉(zhuǎn)。災害還導致江淮地區(qū) 社會矛盾激化，水利構訟紛紛，饑民搶米風潮不斷，盜賊因災而勃興，江淮地域社 會時常處于動蕩不安狀態(tài)。 第四、五、六、七章從應災的角度以災前、災中、災后為線索，分別論述了江 淮地區(qū)民眾的水利治災、倉儲備荒、抗災救災、攘餌減災。第四章論述了江淮地區(qū) 的水利治災工程建設。江淮地區(qū)河道整治主要是興建江河堤防以防洪和開浚河道以 減水漲。江淮東部河道整治是重中之重，但由于治黃、治淮、治運以服從保護運道 和祖陵安全為目的，水利減災實效大打折扣。江淮農(nóng)田水利治災成效顯著，不但因 地制宜地發(fā)展出了多種水利形式，還興修和維護了一批重大的農(nóng)田防洪灌溉工程。 其中好田水利形式獲得了大發(fā)展，取得了明顯的減災效益。 第五章論述了江淮地區(qū)的常平倉和義倉、社倉。江淮的備荒倉儲建設盡管因投 入不足、管理不善、戰(zhàn)亂破壞等因素而導致興廢不常，但總的來說還是在一定程度 上發(fā)揮了它的防災救荒作用的。第六章論述了官民在災中和災后的抗災救災工作。 官府雖然仍然是江淮地區(qū)倉儲建設、抗災救災的主導力量，但民間個人和社會組織 的防災備荒、抗災救災作用也不可忽視，它是對官府倉儲備荒、抗災救災工作不足 的一個有力補充。不過，由于社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平高低的差異，江淮地區(qū)倉儲備荒、 抗災救災工作中的官民格局也存在著地區(qū)差異。江淮南部和西部因社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水 平較高，民間社會力量發(fā)展得比較充分，民間個人和社會組織力量成為當?shù)胤罏木?災的一支生力軍。而江淮北部和東部濱海地區(qū)則因為社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平相對較低， 民間社會力量參與防災救災的作用微乎其微。從中我們可以深切透視明清以來江淮 逃荒習俗、江北人下江南謀生業(yè)這種社會經(jīng)濟現(xiàn)象的更深層次的社會背景。 第七章從人文減災角度分別論述了江淮地區(qū)的雨旱信仰、水利信仰、蟲疫災害 信仰。攘災信仰不能簡單地視之為迷信，實際上它是人們面對頻繁災害在精神層面 作出的一種應對，是人文減災的重要內(nèi)容。江淮雨早信仰、水利信仰類型的多樣化 以及官民的普遍信奉，說明了江淮地區(qū)水早災害的頻繁和嚴重。與其它地區(qū)相比較， 蝗蟲、瘟疫信仰也體現(xiàn)出了地域性特點。盡管江淮人們信奉的蝗神有多種，但主要 還是信奉傳說在江淮驅(qū)蝗有功的劉鑄，而非劉宰或者劉承忠。崇奉的瘟神也主要是 都天大帝，其原型就是唐代保障江淮有功的張巡。因其死得慘烈，死后由厲鬼而演 變?yōu)槲辽�，所以在祭祀時間、祭祀儀式等方面與其它地區(qū)的瘟神崇拜相較都有很大 的不同
[Abstract]:Natural calamity refers to the damage caused by natural forces to human society. The natural disasters in the Jianghuai area in the Ming and Qing Dynasties mainly include water, drought, locusts, tide, plague, earthquake, wind, hail, snow disaster and low temperature frost. This article attempts to make a systematic and profound study of the natural disasters in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the social and economic interaction process in the Jianghuai area. It is of great benefit to enrich the contents of historical research and to promote social and economic development and disaster prevention and reduction in Jianghuai region today.
The full text is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter discusses the ecological environment and the humanistic environment in the Jianghuai region of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The occurrence of natural disasters is the process of the natural forces acting on human society, the result of the common use of natural factors and social factors. On the one hand, the transitional period in the Jianghuai Region The terrain, climate and water system are the important natural geographical factors that cause multiple disasters in this area, and the the Yellow River Huaihe River Basin since the Southern Song Dynasty has disrupted the water system in the Yangtze and Huaihe areas, thus increasing the natural factors of the disaster rate. On the other hand, the agricultural overland, the waste Lake dry pond is the field and the forest topology is reclaimed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the social economy of the Jianghuai region, which was attacked repeatedly by the Southern Song Dynasty, was stagnant for a long time, until the Ming and Qing Dynasties were still in the "non development" stage of farming society, which was not caused by the agricultural social environment. The cause of the disaster, but this economic form undoubtedly increases the destructive power and extent of the disaster. The frequent disasters and magnification of the disaster, in turn, greatly reduce its ability to deal with and dissolve disasters to quickly restore production.
The second chapter is an overview of the disasters in the Jianghuai region of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The flood disaster is the first of the Jianghuai various kinds of disasters. There are mainly rainwater, mountain flood, river and lake overflow, four types of flood disaster. The drought is the second only after the flood. In time distribution, the water and drought disasters in the Jianghuai area are concentrated in the spring, summer and autumn three seasons. As a result, the probability of drought is increasing from the southern part of the Huaihe River to the northern part of the Huaihe River, and the drought in the Huaihe and Huaihe hilly region is more severe. Except along the Jiangzhou and lake areas, the Jianghuai plain and the low-lying land of the coastal plain are the locust locust areas, and the plague of locusts in the Jianghuai area is most of the locusts. The tidal floods in the Huaihe Huaihe River have storm surge, the overflow of the sea water, the pouring of water, the flood tides, the heaviest flood tide, the plague, earthquake, wind, hail, snow disaster and low tide. Although frost is not the main disaster in Jianghuai area, disaster is very destructive.
The third chapter expounds the strong impact of disaster on the social economy in the Jianghuai region from the two aspects of the productive forces and social order. The disaster often causes a large number of deaths and escapes of the population, which makes the population of the disaster a large number of missing and greatly destroyed the productive forces. The frequent famine is still an important part of the formation of the famine relief custom in some areas of the Yangtze and Huaihe Huaihe regions Reason.
Chinese abstract
The disaster also caused serious shortage of cultivated land and a certain degree of reversal of the farming system.
Social contradictions are intensifying, water conservancy litigation is in succession, hunger victims rush to catch rice, and thieves thrive because of disasters.
It will always be in a state of turmoil.
In the fourth, fifth, six and seven chapters, from the point of view of disaster, we discuss the river before disaster, disaster and post disaster.
In the fourth part, the Jianghuai region is discussed.
The river regulation in Jianghuai area is mainly to build river dykes for flood control and dredging.
River regulation in the eastern part of the Yangtze Huaihe River is the most important. However, because of harnessing the Yellow River, harnessing the Huai River and controlling the traffic, it follows the protection route.
For the purpose of ensuring the safety of the ancestral tomb, the effectiveness of water conservancy and disaster reduction has been greatly reduced.
Various forms of water conservancy have been developed, and a large number of major farmland flood control irrigation projects have been built and maintained.
Among them, the form of good farmland water conservancy has been greatly developed, and obvious benefits of disaster reduction have been achieved.
The fifth chapter discusses the Changping warehouse and Yicang, the social warehouse in Jianghuai area.
Inadequacy, mismanagement, and destruction of war and other factors result in frequent disappearance, but in general, it is still in a certain degree.
It has played its role in disaster prevention and famine relief. The sixth chapter discusses the disaster relief work of the government and the people after and after the disaster.
Although the government is still the leading force in the construction of the Yangtze and Huaihe region, it is the leading force in disaster relief.
The disaster preparedness and famine can not be ignored. It is against the shortage of official storage and disaster relief work.
However, due to the difference of social and economic development level, the storage area in Jianghuai area is short of famine.
There are regional differences in the pattern of official and civilian in disaster relief work.
At a relatively high level, the forces of civil society have developed fairly well, and the power of private individuals and social organizations has become the local disaster prevention and rescue.
The northern and eastern coastal areas of Jianghuai are relatively low in social and economic development.
The role of civil society forces in disaster prevention and relief is negligible. From this perspective, we can have a deep look at the Jianghuai area since the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
The custom of escape from the lower reaches of Jiangnan is the deeper social background of this social and economic phenomenon.
The seventh chapter discusses the belief of rain and drought, the belief of water conservancy and the pest and pest disaster in Jianghuai region from the point of view of human disaster reduction.
Belief in disaster can not be simply regarded as superstition. In fact, it is that people face frequent disasters at the spiritual level.
A response is an important part of human disaster reduction.
As well as the general belief of the government and the people, it explains the frequent and serious water and morning disasters in Jianghuai area.
Locust and plague belief also have regional characteristics. Although there are many locusts in Jianghuai, they are mainly
Or believe in the legend of Liu Zhu, who is active in Jianghuai, but not Liu Zai or Liu Chengzhong.
The archetype of the God of heaven was built by the Tang Dynasty to protect the Jianghuai meritorious service.
It becomes a god of plague, so there is a great deal of respect for the worship of gods in other places.
Different
【學位授予單位】：廈門大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2004
【分類號】：K248

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