發(fā)布時間：2018-06-22 17:46

  本文選題：唐代 + 吏部尚書�。� 參考：《山東大學》2008年博士論文

【摘要】： 唐代職官制度是政治制度的重要組成部分,職官擔任者是推動各種制度運行的具體實施者。唐代中央職官制度繼承了前此演變數(shù)百年至隋基本定型的三省六部制,其中尚書省是唐代中央行政執(zhí)行部門,設(shè)有吏戶禮兵刑工六部,這一職官設(shè)置對唐及其以后各代的制度皆有深遠影響。系統(tǒng)了解各部職官的制度與人事情況能加深對制度史的認識。學界已有的研究對吏部的關(guān)注尚缺乏全面性與系統(tǒng)性。吏部負責官員選任與勛爵等人事問題,因而其長官吏部尚書的地位與作用不同尋常。有唐一代吏部尚書可考者計有一百四十四任,本文上篇圍繞吏部尚書職官的行政制度展開,運用歷史學、政治學等學科方法考述吏部尚書的職掌及其與政治的關(guān)系。下篇則在歷史學方法基礎(chǔ)上結(jié)合地理學、統(tǒng)計學等對吏部尚書的人事制度進行探討。 上篇主要圍繞吏部組織結(jié)構(gòu)、吏部尚書職掌以及吏部尚書與唐代政治關(guān)系等進行論述。 第一章,關(guān)于唐代吏部職官設(shè)置情況。吏部起源自漢代,歷經(jīng)魏晉南北朝隋數(shù)代,除北周因復(fù)古改制不同外,其他各代基本以吏部作為尚書分部之首,而兩晉南北朝時期尚書省是宰相機構(gòu),吏部尚書為八座之一。唐代前期吏部尚書、侍郎的職官設(shè)置與員額及名稱曾有幾次變化,中后期基本定型。吏部所轄吏部司、司封司、考功司、司勛司基本定型于隋代,入唐后亦有一定變化,其職責為協(xié)助吏部尚書、侍郎進行銓選、執(zhí)掌官員勛封以及考課等。 第二章,關(guān)于唐代吏部尚書的職掌。吏部尚書行使吏部長官的一些職責,通過簽署有關(guān)文書體現(xiàn)其長官地位,另外要領(lǐng)導(dǎo)本部門工作以及豐持修訂有關(guān)律令和族姓書籍等。吏部尚書參與文官銓選,其銓選范圍為六七品官員,后來與吏部侍郎通掌六品以下官員銓選,唐中后期還負責科目選等。為完善銓選程序,吏部尚書要調(diào)整吏部銓選時間與程序,這一點主要體現(xiàn)在安史亂之前。吏部尚書作為朝中要官,近六成的擔任者有兼職,根據(jù)朝廷需要其亦被委任擔任臨時差遣,主要擔任考校使、參與軍事活動、主持營造山陵、充任鹽鐵使等。 第三章,關(guān)于吏部尚書與唐朝政治的關(guān)系。唐朝前期中央政治為三省六部制,吏部尚書作為其中重要文官,每每兼任宰相或以舊相擔任,或遷為宰相,而且在職能上有明顯表現(xiàn);唐后期,由于尚書省地位的削弱,吏部職能亦削弱,作為吏部長官的吏部尚書雖亦不少曾任職宰相等重要職官,但擔任吏部尚書時由于處于其仕途衰退期,因而任職時政治作為并不顯著,對本部門的職能的加強亦貢獻不大�？偟膩砜�,吏部尚書的政治表現(xiàn)與唐朝政治形勢演變及制度變化有較大關(guān)系。 下篇對吏部尚書擔任者的人事情況進行考察,主要圍繞其任職情況及出身展開。 第四章,關(guān)于唐代吏部尚書的籍貫與出身階層。從籍貫分布來看,整個唐代主要集中在北方關(guān)內(nèi)、河南、河北、河?xùn)|四道,河南道與河?xùn)|道吏部尚書數(shù)量總體呈增長趨勢。河北道由于受安史亂影響人數(shù)減少。南方諸道于唐后期出現(xiàn)幾任吏部尚書,主要為北方南遷后新落籍人士。就出身階層來看,共出自四十二個郡姓,出身這些郡姓者有九十八人,占唐代可考吏部尚書約八成,可見吏部尚書擔任者絕大多數(shù)出身于士族階層。且吏部尚書出身于大士族階層的比例亦很高,超過一半,近達六成。但唐代新興士族出任吏部尚書者則屬少數(shù)。 第五章,關(guān)于吏部尚書的入仕與履歷情況。吏部尚書擔任者其初仕獲得出身的情況,除前期元勛功臣入唐時多已為官可不計外,其他入仕者以進士科舉最多,門蔭出身次之。中期門蔭出身者有所增加,占同期可考近一半,科舉出身者人數(shù)未變。至后期,吏部尚書中進士出身者為絕對多數(shù),其中明經(jīng)出身者僅一例。門蔭出身者則在中期回升的基礎(chǔ)上反而大幅度下降。總體來看科舉出身者在吏部尚書擔任者中逐漸占據(jù)主要地位。其中單由制舉出身者僅在前期出現(xiàn),中后期已無。起家官情況為,前期多有前隋舊官,其他情況也較復(fù)雜。至后期較多起家于校書郎和縣級佐吏。起家于節(jié)度使屬官的情況是后期獨有現(xiàn)象,且人數(shù)不少。 第六章,關(guān)于吏部尚書的遷轉(zhuǎn)情況。遷入官以宰相、尚書省、地方官屬所占比例最多,其中三十五任自宰相遷入吏部尚書后仍兼任宰相,顯示唐代以宰相增加吏部尚書一職,是對宰相權(quán)力的進一步增強,另外也反映著吏部尚書地位非同一般。遷出官機構(gòu)則主要為宰相機構(gòu)、地方官屬、尚書省及東宮官屬。另外有卒于任上及被貶情況。由近五分之一的非正常遷出來看,吏部尚書一職在唐代仍有一定風險性,因非正常遷出與政局往往有較直接關(guān)系,從而進一步說明吏部尚書一職與政局關(guān)系較緊密。 第七章,唐代吏部尚書可判斷任期者,總體看任期小于二年的在八成以上,而唐中期任期相對較長,后期任期多數(shù)較短,可見后期吏部尚書遷轉(zhuǎn)較為頻繁。就吏部尚書在職官中所處位置看,計有八十五任吏部尚書處于其仕途高峰時,四十任為趨于仕途衰退期。有唐一代,這兩種情況居多。尤其后期處于高峰與衰退皆最多,但前期中期處于衰退期吏部尚書比例占同期很小,總體分析后期處于衰退期較多,加上后期吏部尚書任期較短者頗多,兼任宰相之吏部尚書比例已明顯減小,說明吏部尚書職權(quán)與地位隨吏部職權(quán)的削弱而變動。
[Abstract]:The official system of the Tang Dynasty was an important part of the political system, and the official officers were the specific implementers to promote the operation of various systems. The central official system of the Tang Dynasty inherited the six parts of the three provinces which evolved from centuries to Sui to the Sui Dynasty, among which the Shang Shu Province was the central executive department of the Tang Dynasty, and the official officers and soldiers and the criminal workers had six departments. It has a profound influence on the system of the Tang Dynasty and its subsequent generations. A systematic understanding of the system and personnel situation of the departments of the various ministries can deepen the understanding of the history of the system. It is unusual. There are one hundred and forty-four candidates in the Tang Dynasty. The first part of this article is about the administrative system of official officials of the Ministry of officials, and the application of history and politics to the examination of the office of the Ministry of officials and its relationship with politics. The next chapter, on the basis of the history of geography and statistics, is on the basis of the history and statistics. The personnel system of Shang Shu is discussed.
The first part mainly discusses the organizational structure of the Ministry, the official positions of clerks, and the political relations between the Ministry and the Tang Dynasty.
In the first chapter, the official Department of the Tang Dynasty was set up. The official department originated from the Han Dynasty, after the Wei and Jin Dynasties and the northern and Southern Dynasties and Sui dynasties. Except for the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Ministry of officials was the first of the Shang Shu division, while the northern Zhou Dynasty was the Prime Minister of the Shang Dynasty and the Ministry of officials was one of the eight. There have been several changes in the position and name of the official posts and posts in the middle and late stages. The Department of official department, the division division, the Kao Gong division, the division Hoon department are basically finalized in the Sui Dynasty, and there are some changes after the Tang Dynasty.
The second chapter, about the official duties of the Tang Dynasty, the official Department of the Ministry of officials, the Minister of the Ministry of officials to exercise some duties, through the signing of the relevant documents to reflect the status of their officers, in addition to the work of the Department and the revision of books on laws and family names. In order to improve the selection of the subjects, the officials selected by Lang Tongzhang six and below were also responsible for the selection of the subjects. In order to improve the selection procedure, the Ministry of officials should adjust the time and procedure of the election. This is mainly reflected in the time and procedure of the official department. He served as an examination school, participated in military activities, presided over the creation of mountain mausoleum, and served as a salt and iron maker.
The third chapter, about the relationship between the official book and the politics of the Tang Dynasty. The central politics of the early Tang Dynasty was the six parts of the three provinces, and the official Department of the Ministry of officials was one of the important civil servants. It was always served as the prime minister or as a prime minister, or moved to the prime minister, and it had obvious performance. In the late Tang Dynasty, as a result of the weakening of the status of the province, the functions of the officials were weakened, as the Minister of the officials. Although the official official ministry Shang Shu was also a great number of important officials who had served as prime minister, the official official department was in a decline period of official career, so politics was not significant and contributed little to the strengthening of the functions of the Department. In general, the political performance of the official Department of the Ministry of officials was closely related to the political situation evolution and system changes in the Tang Dynasty.
In the second part, the personnel situation of the clerks of the clerks in the Ministry of public security is investigated.
The fourth chapter is about the native place and class of the official Department of the Tang Dynasty. From the distribution of native place, the whole Tang Dynasty mainly concentrated in northern Guan, Henan, Hebei, and Hedong four, the number of Shang Shu in Henan road and Hedong Taoism generally showed a growing trend. Hebei road was reduced by the disturbance of history. Several southern Taoism appeared in the late Tang Dynasty. The book, mainly for the new immigrants after the north south, comes from the family class, from forty-two County surnames, and ninety-eight of these County surnames, accounting for about 80% of the books of the Tang Dynasty, and the majority of the officials of the Ministry of officials are born in the class of the scholars. Half, nearly 60%. But in the Tang Dynasty, the new generation of literati was a minority.
The fifth chapter, about the entry of the official official's book and the resume of the official official's book. In addition to the official official's initial official career, in addition to the earlier yuan merit official's admission to the Tang Dynasty, most of the officials could not count, and the other officials took the most of the imperial examinations and the shade of the door. In the later period, there was an absolute majority of the scholars in the official book of the Ministry of officials, of which only one case of the Ming Dynasty was born. The person who came out of the door shade decreased greatly on the basis of the mid-term recovery. In the earlier period, there were many former officials in the former Sui Dynasty, and the other cases were more complicated.
The sixth chapter, about the relocation of the officials of the Ministry of officials, to the prime minister, the prime minister, the province of Shang Shu, the largest proportion of the local officials, of which thirty-five from the prime minister moved into the Ministry of the Ministry of the minister and still served as the prime minister, showing the addition of the prime minister to the Ministry of officials in the Tang Dynasty, which was the Bu Zengqiang of the prime minister's power. The relocation of the official institutions was mainly the prime minister, the local officials, the Shang Shu province and the eastern palace officer. In addition, there were other deaths and derogatory conditions. From the abnormal movement of nearly 1/5, the official ministry still has a certain risk in the Tang Dynasty, because the abnormal relocation and political situation often have a direct relationship with the political situation, thus further explaining the position of the official department. It is closely related to the political situation.
The seventh chapter, the official Department of the Tang Dynasty can judge the term of the tenure, the overall view is less than 80% of the term of term less than two years, while the term of office is relatively long in the middle of the Tang Dynasty, and the term of office of the later period is relatively short. It can be seen that Shang Shuqian is more frequent in the later period. There are two cases in the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, there are many cases. Especially in the later period, the peak and the recession are the most, but the proportion of the official books in the recession period is very small, the overall analysis is more in the decline period, and the latter is quite a short term. It shows that the power and status of the Ministry of clerks and clerks of the Ministry of administration changed with the weakening of their functions and powers.
【學位授予單位】：山東大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：K242;D691

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