發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-06-12 15:31

  本文選題：宋代 + 正規(guī)軍�。� 參考：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2008年博士論文

【摘要】： 軍事訓(xùn)練作為提高軍隊(duì)?wèi)?zhàn)斗力的重要途徑,歷來(lái)深受重視。宋代由于軍事力量相對(duì)較弱,因此其軍事訓(xùn)練也經(jīng)常以“教閱不精”等語(yǔ)言形容。作為一個(gè)龐大帝國(guó),其軍事訓(xùn)練是否就一無(wú)是處?這一點(diǎn)恐怕很值得商榷。目前學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)宋代軍事訓(xùn)練的研究相對(duì)缺乏全面深入探討,一般來(lái)說(shuō)都是貶多褒少,因而對(duì)于宋代軍事訓(xùn)練的開(kāi)展情況與訓(xùn)練內(nèi)容需要進(jìn)行全面認(rèn)識(shí)。筆者在前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上,擬對(duì)宋代正規(guī)軍軍事訓(xùn)練進(jìn)行探討。 第一章首先對(duì)宋代之前軍事訓(xùn)練發(fā)展?fàn)顩r進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)介。軍事訓(xùn)練從史前起源,至夏商西周時(shí)期初步形成以“剱狩”為主要內(nèi)容的訓(xùn)練體系,春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)之后,隨著社會(huì)進(jìn)步、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)形式的變化,舊有軍事訓(xùn)練已經(jīng)不能適應(yīng)新時(shí)代戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的要求,經(jīng)過(guò)當(dāng)時(shí)眾多兵家的共同努力,中國(guó)古代冷兵器時(shí)代軍事訓(xùn)練理論體系初步建立,其影響長(zhǎng)達(dá)數(shù)千年。 第二章對(duì)宋代軍事訓(xùn)練發(fā)展脈絡(luò)及各時(shí)期的特征進(jìn)行初步研究。宋初軍事訓(xùn)練主要承襲中唐五代以來(lái)訓(xùn)練規(guī)制,前代尚武遺風(fēng)猶在,一批經(jīng)過(guò)五代亂世的優(yōu)秀將領(lǐng)仍在軍事領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮重要作用,加上宋太祖即為武人出身,此時(shí)期軍事訓(xùn)練開(kāi)展比較理想,宋軍對(duì)外作戰(zhàn)也相當(dāng)輝煌。宋太宗之后隨著“崇文抑武”國(guó)策的逐步推行,武將地位下降,素質(zhì)也難以保證。盡管中央政府依然很重視軍事訓(xùn)練,但由于在組訓(xùn)者一環(huán)出現(xiàn)較大問(wèn)題,軍事訓(xùn)練在具體實(shí)施過(guò)程中,已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)下滑趨勢(shì)。加上宋真宗時(shí)期宋遼澶淵之盟簽訂,軍事訓(xùn)練漸漸被忽視,直至宋仁宗年間在宋夏戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中暴露無(wú)遺。經(jīng)過(guò)了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的慘痛教訓(xùn),宋政府對(duì)軍事訓(xùn)練進(jìn)行了一系列改良,并對(duì)宋初以來(lái)相對(duì)合理的訓(xùn)練方法繼續(xù)加以重視,加強(qiáng)法令、增加賞賜,改變不適合時(shí)代的訓(xùn)練措施。一系列訓(xùn)練措施使宋軍戰(zhàn)斗素質(zhì)發(fā)生很大變化。 宋神宗時(shí)期的整軍活動(dòng)以提高軍隊(duì)素質(zhì)作為主要目標(biāo),軍事訓(xùn)練作為重點(diǎn)突破口,不斷對(duì)訓(xùn)練措施加以改良,推行“將兵法”等新政策。而訓(xùn)練內(nèi)容則由于技術(shù)方面制約,從宋初至今并沒(méi)有根本變化,只是更趨合理。宋神宗當(dāng)政時(shí)軍事訓(xùn)練的效果相當(dāng)明顯,宋軍在數(shù)次對(duì)外作戰(zhàn)的表現(xiàn)也比較出色。北宋末年宋徽宗集團(tuán)的腐朽統(tǒng)治不可避免影響到軍事訓(xùn)練,內(nèi)地禁軍訓(xùn)練幾乎陷于停頓。西北地區(qū)由于對(duì)西夏作戰(zhàn)需要,訓(xùn)練比較正常,軍隊(duì)素質(zhì)相對(duì)較高,這部分軍隊(duì)也構(gòu)成了北宋末、南宋初中央政府主要軍事力量。 南宋初年軍事訓(xùn)練主要由各大將獨(dú)立完成,經(jīng)過(guò)戰(zhàn)火洗禮,南宋優(yōu)秀將領(lǐng)總結(jié)出許多因地制宜訓(xùn)練方法,而實(shí)戰(zhàn)中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)更是軍事訓(xùn)練最難得經(jīng)驗(yàn)。在內(nèi)容上,南宋軍事訓(xùn)練承襲北宋在軍事訓(xùn)練中的側(cè)重點(diǎn),并以實(shí)際戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)需要靈活改變。宋孝宗整頓武備的雄心對(duì)軍事訓(xùn)練來(lái)說(shuō)非常必要,靈活的訓(xùn)練措施,嚴(yán)格法紀(jì),使南宋軍隊(duì)在宋孝宗的激勵(lì)下訓(xùn)練情況相當(dāng)不錯(cuò),可惜沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)實(shí)戰(zhàn)檢驗(yàn)。南宋后期的軍事訓(xùn)練大概能夠沿原有軌跡發(fā)展,因?yàn)檫B續(xù)不斷戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)迫使政府必須重視軍訓(xùn),而此時(shí)南宋軍隊(duì)中裝備不少火器,這是一種能夠引起軍事訓(xùn)練革命的武器裝備。此外南宋緣地定勢(shì),水軍比較發(fā)達(dá),水軍訓(xùn)練也廣受重視。 第三章將對(duì)宋代步兵訓(xùn)練內(nèi)容進(jìn)行探討。步兵在宋代軍隊(duì)中占有主體地位,以弓弩訓(xùn)練為重點(diǎn),既有力量、又有準(zhǔn)確性訓(xùn)練。而弓弩之外的其他兵器訓(xùn)練也依作用不同,訓(xùn)練力度均有不同。步兵隊(duì)形訓(xùn)練歷來(lái)很受重視,經(jīng)過(guò)對(duì)旗鼓金等信號(hào)的熟悉,士兵才能在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上做到整齊劃一,保證隊(duì)形嚴(yán)密,發(fā)揮集團(tuán)作戰(zhàn)優(yōu)勢(shì)。 第四章將對(duì)宋代騎兵訓(xùn)練進(jìn)行論述。宋代由于種種原因,騎兵建設(shè)一直不甚理想,騎兵所占比例較少,但是騎兵訓(xùn)練的內(nèi)容依舊很豐富。十分注重騎兵的馬上技術(shù)訓(xùn)練,各種武器的應(yīng)用規(guī)制也很?chē)?yán)格。但是宋代騎兵沒(méi)有形成集團(tuán)優(yōu)勢(shì),戰(zhàn)術(shù)地位主要是從屬步兵之下,其戰(zhàn)術(shù)訓(xùn)練也與步兵相差不大。 第五章主要介紹宋代水軍訓(xùn)練。兩宋尤其是南宋水軍相當(dāng)發(fā)達(dá),當(dāng)時(shí)水軍訓(xùn)練內(nèi)容依舊以冷兵器為主,弓弩遠(yuǎn)距離攻擊,槍刀近戰(zhàn)。所練各種陣法也主要是陸軍陣法的改進(jìn),但是水軍在南宋晚期出現(xiàn)了部分火器,對(duì)此訓(xùn)練也相應(yīng)作出改變。 第六章探討宋代協(xié)同作戰(zhàn)訓(xùn)練。協(xié)同作戰(zhàn)訓(xùn)練就是保證軍隊(duì)能在戰(zhàn)斗中各兵種協(xié)同作戰(zhàn),發(fā)揮集團(tuán)優(yōu)勢(shì),取得勝利。兩宋對(duì)此進(jìn)行過(guò)相當(dāng)多的研究,最終形成了“以步制騎”的訓(xùn)練特色。 第七章將對(duì)宋代軍事訓(xùn)練的特點(diǎn)以及不足進(jìn)行論述。宋代軍事訓(xùn)練基于宋代的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事技術(shù)和戰(zhàn)略目的,形成了三個(gè)鮮明特點(diǎn),在當(dāng)時(shí)為保障國(guó)家安全產(chǎn)生了不錯(cuò)效果。但是宋弊端也同樣突出,存在種種問(wèn)題,很值得后世加以借鑒。
[Abstract]:As an important way to improve the combat effectiveness of the army, military training has always been paid much attention. As a result of the relatively weak military force in the Song Dynasty, its military training is often described as "unrefined" and other languages. As a huge empire, is its military training worthless? This is a question to be discussed. At present, the academic circle of Song Daijun The research on the training of the matter is relatively lack of a comprehensive and thorough discussion. Generally speaking, it is degrading and commendatory, so it is necessary to fully understand the situation and training content of the military training in the Song Dynasty. On the basis of the previous research, the author intends to discuss the military training of the regular army in the Song Dynasty.
The first chapter introduces the development of military training before the Song Dynasty. From the origin of the history of military training to the Xia Shang Dynasty, the training system was formed primarily in the period of the Western Zhou Dynasty. After the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States, with the social progress and the change of the form of the war, the old military training was unable to adapt to the requirements of the new era war. With the joint efforts of many soldiers at that time, the theoretical system of military training in the ancient cold weapon era of China was initially established, and its influence lasted for thousands of years.
The second chapter carried out a preliminary study on the development of the military training in the Song Dynasty and the characteristics of each period. The military training in the early Song Dynasty mainly inherited the training regulation since the Five Dynasties of the middle Tang Dynasty. The previous generation of martial arts remains still in the military field. A batch of outstanding generals who have passed the five generation of chaos still play an important role in the military field, and the military training of the song Tai Zong, that is, is the military training of the samurai. It is quite ideal to carry out the military operations of the song army. After the gradual implementation of the national policy of "Chongwen restraining martial arts", the status of the military general has declined and the quality is difficult to guarantee. Although the central government still attaches great importance to the military training, the military training has appeared in the process of the implementation of the military training in the process of concrete implementation, although the central government still attaches great importance to the military training. With the signing of the alliance between Song Liao and Liao Dynasty in the Song Zhenzong period, the military training was gradually ignored until the period of the war in the song and Xia dynasties. After the painful lessons of the war, the Song government made a series of improvements to the military training, and continued to pay attention to the relatively reasonable training methods since the early Song Dynasty, strengthen the decrees and increase the law. A series of training measures have greatly changed the combat quality of song army.
The whole army activities in the period of Song Shenzong were the main goal to improve the quality of the army. Military training was the key breakthrough, the training measures were constantly improved and the "military law" was carried out. The training content has not changed radically from the beginning of the Song Dynasty to the present, but it is more reasonable. The military training of Song Shenzong's administration. The effect of the practice was quite obvious, and the performance of Song Jun was also outstanding in several foreign operations. The decadent rule of the Song Hui song group in the last year of the Northern Song Dynasty inevitably affected the military training. The training of the army in the mainland was almost stopped. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the main force of the central government in the Southern Song Dynasty was the main force.
The military training in the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty was completed by the major general, and after the war of war, the outstanding generals of the Southern Song Dynasty summed up a lot of training methods for local conditions, and the experience in the actual combat was the most rare experience of military training. In content, the military training in the Southern Song Dynasty inherited the emphasis of the Northern Song in the military training, and changed it flexibly with the actual war. Song Xiaozong's ambition to rectify the armed forces was very necessary for military training, flexible training measures and strict law and discipline, so that the training of the Southern Song army under the encouragement of Song Xiaozong was quite good. Unfortunately, there was no actual test. The military training in the late Southern Song Dynasty could probably develop along the original track, because the continuous war forced the government to be obliged. The military training was attached to the military training. In the Southern Song Dynasty, many firearms were equipped, which was a weapon that could cause the revolution of military training. In addition, the Southern Song Dynasty was established, the water army was more developed, and the training of the water army was also paid much attention.
The third chapter will discuss the training content of the infantry in the Song Dynasty. The infantry occupies the main position in the Song Dynasty, focusing on the training of the bow and crossbow, with both strength and accuracy training. And the training of other weapons outside the bow and crossbow is different according to its function. The training of infantry formation has always been paid much attention to, after the signal of the flag and drum gold and so on. With the familiarity of the soldiers, the soldiers can be uniform on the battlefield to ensure a tight formation and give full play to the superiority of group operations.
The fourth chapter will discuss the cavalry training in the Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, because of various reasons, the cavalry construction was not ideal, the cavalry occupied a small proportion, but the content of the cavalry training was still very rich. The position is mainly subordinate to infantry, and its tactical training is not much different from that of infantry.
The fifth chapter mainly introduces the water army training in the Song Dynasty. The water army of the two song, especially the Southern Song Dynasty, is quite developed. At that time, the training content of the water army was still mainly cold weapons, the long distance attack of the bow and crossbow, the rifle knife near war. The various methods of practice were also the improvement of the army formation, but the water army produced some firearms in the late Southern Song Dynasty, and the training also changed accordingly.
The sixth chapter discusses the cooperative combat training in the Song Dynasty. Cooperative combat training is to ensure that the army can cooperate with each other in the battle, play the advantage of the group and win the victory. Two song has done a lot of research on this, and finally formed the training characteristic of "step by step".
The seventh chapter will discuss the characteristics and shortcomings of the military training in the Song Dynasty. The military training of the Song Dynasty, based on the political, economic, military technology and strategic objectives of the Song Dynasty, has formed three distinct characteristics and has produced a good effect for the security of the state at that time. However, the defects of the Song Dynasty are also outstanding, and there are various problems, which are worthy of reference to the later generations.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K244

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 王軍營(yíng);北宋皇宮宿衛(wèi)禁軍諸問(wèn)題研究[D];陜西師范大學(xué);2012年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 夏亞飛;宋朝騎兵研究[D];河南大學(xué);2013年

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本文編號(hào)：2010153