本文選題：唐朝政府 + 農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟　； 參考：《云南大學》2011年博士論文

【摘要】：農(nóng)業(yè)作為國民經(jīng)濟的基礎,農(nóng)業(yè)基礎設施的公共物品特性,農(nóng)業(yè)的弱質產(chǎn)業(yè)特征以及農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供給需求彈性小等因素都決定了政府干預農(nóng)業(yè)的必要�？v觀有唐一代,唐朝政府采用行政手段、法律手段以及經(jīng)濟手段一直努力改善實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)效率的諸多條件。本文從三個方面考察了唐朝政府農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟職能：資源配置職能,主要指農(nóng)業(yè)公共物品供給、土地資源配置及產(chǎn)權界定保護；經(jīng)濟穩(wěn)定與發(fā)展職能,主要包括扶持農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)、保證農(nóng)業(yè)勞動力投入、健全糧食倉儲體系和穩(wěn)定糧食價格；收入分配職能,即農(nóng)業(yè)收益分配,主要指農(nóng)業(yè)賦稅制度。具體包括以下六個方面內容： 第一部分,分析歸納了小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟背景下的唐朝政府職能的特點,并從需求與供給的視角分析唐朝政府農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟職能�，F(xiàn)實社會中的政府職能是政府對其內外環(huán)境的需求進行分析、選擇和確認的結果,它是作為供給方的政府與作為需求方的社會在共同博弈中形成的。唐朝政府職能特點是：政治統(tǒng)治職能占主導并履行一定的社會服務職能,其政治統(tǒng)治職能往往是通過舉辦和管理公共工程等社會服務來實現(xiàn)；由于政府主體在政治力量對比與資源配置權力上均處于絕對優(yōu)勢地位,所以政府是決定職能供給的主導力量,形成了供給主導型的政府職能；從最基本的“守夜人”職能開始,宏觀調控職能、政府管制職能、直接經(jīng)營職能反映了唐朝政府全面介入社會經(jīng)濟生活；針對農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟運行中“市場失靈”現(xiàn)象,唐朝政府表現(xiàn)出突出的農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟職能。 第二部分,考察了唐朝政府土地配置與產(chǎn)權保護職能。出于鞏固政權,獲取財政收入以及爭奪勞動力的需要,以及政府掌握著大量土地資源并具備了土地配置政策實施需要的組織體制。唐政府通過建立以均田制為載體的土地產(chǎn)權結構保證了其制度供給意愿與小農(nóng)的制度需求相結合,促進了唐朝農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展。但是,均田制度管理成本,維持成本以及委托代理下監(jiān)督管制成本卻不容忽視,最終,均田制度下的交易費用逐漸增大而制度收益卻逐漸減少且最終成本大于收益。唐政府對私人土地產(chǎn)權的保護,有著細致、縝密的規(guī)定。在對私人土地產(chǎn)權的保護中處處體現(xiàn)出國家主權意志和統(tǒng)治意志,反映出政策目標在于控制產(chǎn)權,政府干預和管制造成了私人產(chǎn)權的殘缺。 第三部分,考察了唐朝政府農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的保障職能。唐朝政府推行勸農(nóng)政策和保證農(nóng)時政策,勸課農(nóng)桑作為地方行政官員的首要職責；從制定歷法、農(nóng)書修撰、提供耕牛、推廣先進生產(chǎn)工具、農(nóng)業(yè)蟲害防治等方面考察了唐朝政府推廣農(nóng)業(yè)先進技術的職能；政府采取多種途徑解決農(nóng)業(yè)勞動力不足保證了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)對勞動力的需求；放寬了勞動力流動的限制,賦予了民眾一定的遷徙權,社會流動帶來了地區(qū)間的技術傳播、擴散；“納資代役”在唐朝的普遍推行,賦予了民眾勞役的選擇權,增加了勞動者自由支配勞動時間的權利；以正倉為主體的國家糧食儲備、以“義倉”為主體的專項救災儲備和以“常平倉”為主體平抑糧價的糧食儲備構成了唐朝糧食倉儲體系,為唐政府履行災荒賑濟,平抑糧價,實現(xiàn)糧食安全以及維持農(nóng)業(yè)再生產(chǎn)奠定了較為堅實的基礎。 第四部分,考察了唐朝農(nóng)業(yè)賦稅制度。農(nóng)業(yè)賦稅實質上是農(nóng)業(yè)收益分配問題,是國家和農(nóng)民的利益關系問題,也是考察唐政府取得財政收入的方式、渠道。從租庸調制向兩稅法的制度變遷,既基于勞動力——土地相對價格的變化,也是唐中央與地方政府在權衡了各自的成本收益后所作出的理性選擇。通過租庸調及兩稅法在內容、特點、對資源配置的影響、存在的制度缺陷等方面的考察,以及賦稅蠲免政策,指出“黃宗羲定律”存在的根源,是帝制皇權擁有絕對的制稅權,財政稅收制度建立在一種“軟預算約束”和“軟法律約束”之上以及委托—代理制下的“敗德”行為。 第五部分,以農(nóng)業(yè)水利設施建設為例考察了唐朝農(nóng)業(yè)公共物品的供給制度。首先歸納總結了唐朝農(nóng)業(yè)公共物品供給的制度特征,表現(xiàn)為：政府主導型制度安排；自上而下的供給決策機制;供給容易受到其他財政支出項目的沖擊,具有較大的不穩(wěn)定性；農(nóng)業(yè)公共物品供給中包含了大量力役投入。其次,考察了唐朝水利灌溉設施治理制度。以唐朝政府決策、組織、指揮、監(jiān)督為主體的集權型的水利灌溉治理模式,行政權力在更大范圍上的運用解決了公共物品供給中的集體行動與“搭便車”問題。官辦模式表現(xiàn)為,由政府頒布的正式的水利法規(guī)和規(guī)章制度；從中央到地方完善的水利管理機構和不同層級職責明確的水利管理者；水利工程嚴格的申報程序；用水的分配與協(xié)調以及人員的調用安排等。唐朝政府以立法的形式對灌溉用水嚴格控制和管理,通過上游與下游用水量分配、農(nóng)作物之間的澆灌順序、灌溉時間等制度規(guī)定,確保了小農(nóng)平等享用水利灌溉的基本權利。以官修為主的農(nóng)田水利灌溉保障了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的用水需求并支撐了唐朝社會的強盛。 第六部分,以唐后期的財政體制改革為切入點,考察了財政分權改革后地方政府的農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟職能。兩稅三分制的財政分權改革,唐中央與地方政府間的財政資源進行重新配置,使道節(jié)度使、州刺史所代表的地方政府成為轄區(qū)內的真正剩余索取者和控制者。財權與事權的匹配,地方政府承接了一部分中央政府一直有心卻無力承擔的農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟職能。地方政府更貼近于民眾,更了解它所管轄區(qū)內民眾的效用與需求,因而由地方政府提供公共物品,更有可能使所提供的農(nóng)業(yè)公共物品貼近當?shù)貙嶋H需要。地方政府因地制宜地采取相應的措施,積極新修水利,發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn),培養(yǎng)民力,保障稅源,以及代貧窮戶納稅,賑濟救災等。促進了唐后期地方社會經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,尤其促進了中晚唐南方地區(qū)社會經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展。 第七部分,總結和評價唐朝政府農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟職能。在國家力量作用下的制度變革和制度創(chuàng)新對引起經(jīng)濟增長和發(fā)展的各種要素起著極為重要的主導和誘使作用,強調了制度是影響唐朝農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的內生變量。唐朝農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,既源于生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的必然結果,又源于唐朝政府主導的制度變遷。首先,從六個方面對唐朝政府農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟職能進行了總結。其次,從職能到位、缺位和越位三個方面總體評價了唐政府的農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟職能。唐朝政府農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟職能的履行,印證了專制主義中央集權體制既是農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的保障,在一定程度上又制約了農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展。對于唐朝政府履行農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟職能,農(nóng)業(yè)管理的各種政策、措施及其成效,我們應該是給予充分的肯定。
[Abstract]:As the basis of the national economy, the characteristics of the public goods of the agricultural infrastructure, the characteristics of the weak quality of agriculture and the small elasticity of the supply and demand of the agricultural products all determine the necessity of the government's intervention in agriculture. This article examines the agricultural economic function of the government of the Tang Dynasty from three aspects: resource allocation function, mainly refers to the supply of agricultural public goods, the allocation of land resources and the definition and protection of property rights; the function of economic stability and development, mainly including supporting agricultural production, ensuring the input of agricultural labor force, perfecting the grain storage system and stability. The grain price and the income distribution function, that is, the distribution of agricultural income, mainly refers to the agricultural tax system. It includes the following six aspects:
The first part analyzes and summarizes the characteristics of the government functions of the Tang Dynasty under the background of the small peasant economy, and analyzes the government's agricultural economic function from the perspective of demand and supply. The government function in the real society is the result of the government's analysis, selection and confirmation of the internal and external environment, which is the government and the demand side of the supply side. The function of the government function of the Tang Dynasty is that the political rule is dominated and performs a certain social service function, and its political rule is often realized through the social services such as holding and managing public works, and the government is in absolute terms in the comparison of political power and the power of allocation of resources. As a dominant force, the government is the dominant force in the supply of functions, forming a supply leading government function; starting from the most basic "night watchman" function, the macro-control function, the government regulation function and the direct operation function reflect the government's comprehensive intervention in the social economic life in the Tang Dynasty, and the "market failure" in the operation of agricultural economy. In the Tang Dynasty, the government of the Tang Dynasty displayed prominent agricultural economic functions.
In the second part, the land allocation and property rights protection functions of the government of the Tang Dynasty were investigated. In order to consolidate the government, obtain the financial income and the demand for the labor force, the government has a large number of land resources and has the organizational system for the implementation of the land allocation policy. The combination of the willingness to supply the system and the demand of the small farmers has promoted the development of the agricultural economy in the Tang Dynasty. However, the cost of management, the cost of maintenance and the cost of supervision and control under the principal-agent can not be ignored. Finally, the transaction costs of the system are gradually increasing and the system income is gradually reduced and the final cost is greater than that of the system. Income. The Tang government has detailed and meticulous regulations for the protection of private land property rights. It embodies the sovereignty will and ruling will of the state in the protection of the property rights of private land, reflecting the policy goal of controlling property rights, and the government intervention and control have caused the imperfection of private property rights.
The third part inspected the safeguard function of the government agricultural production in the Tang Dynasty. The government carried out the policy of advizing agriculture and the policy of ensuring the agricultural time, persuaded the rural mulberry to be the primary duty of the local administrative officials, and studied the government's promotion of agriculture from the aspects of the formulation of the calendar, the compilation of agricultural books, the supply of cattle, the promotion of advanced production tools, and the prevention and control of agricultural pests. The government took the function of technology; the government adopted a variety of ways to solve the shortage of agricultural labor to ensure the demand of agricultural production to the labor force; relaxed the restrictions on the flow of labor, gave the people a certain right of migration, the social flow brought about the spread of technology and spread between the regions; the "inclusive service" was widely carried out in the Tang Dynasty and endowed the people. The right of labour choice has increased the right of laborers to freely control working time; the National Grain Reserve with the main body as the main body, the special relief reserve with "the barn" as the main body, and the grain reserve of the "constant warehouse" as the main body, constitute the grain storage system of the Tang Dynasty, and carry out the famine relief for the Tang government, suppress the grain price, and realize the grain price, and realize the grain price, and realize the grain price and realize the grain price. Food security and the maintenance of agricultural reproduction laid a solid foundation.
The fourth part examines the tax system of agriculture in the Tang Dynasty. In essence, agricultural taxation is the issue of agricultural income distribution, the relationship between the interests of the state and the peasants, and the way to investigate the income of the Tang government, and the channel. The change from the renting mediocrity to the two tax law is based on the change of the labor force - the relative price of land and the middle of the Tang Dynasty. The central government and the local government have made a rational choice after weighing their own cost and income. Through renting the mediocre adjustment and the two tax law in the content, the characteristics, the influence of the resource allocation, the existing institutional defects, and the tax exemption policy, it points out that the root of the "Huang Zongxi's law" is that the imperial power has the absolute tax system and the money. The tax system is based on a kind of "soft budget constraint" and "soft legal constraint" and the "moral failure" behavior under the principal agent system.
The fifth part, taking the construction of agricultural water conservancy facilities as an example, investigates the supply system of agricultural public goods in the Tang Dynasty. First, it summarizes the institutional characteristics of the supply of agricultural public goods in the Tang Dynasty, which is characterized by the government led institutional arrangement; the top-down supply decision-making mechanism; the supply capacity is vulnerable to the impact of other financial expenditure projects. Large amount of instability; the supply of agricultural public goods contains a large number of force service input. Secondly, the management system of water conservancy irrigation facilities in the Tang Dynasty is investigated. The centralized water conservancy irrigation management model with the government decision-making, organization, command and supervision as the main body of the Tang Dynasty, and the collective use of administrative power to solve the collective supply of public goods in the supply of public goods. Action and "hitchhiker" problem. The official model is manifested by the official water conservancy regulations and regulations promulgated by the government; the water conservancy management institutions from the central to the local areas and the clear water conservancy managers at different levels; strict application procedures for water conservancy projects; the allocation and coordination of water use and the arrangements for the call of personnel. The government strictly controls and manages irrigation water in the form of legislation. Through the allocation of water consumption in the upstream and downstream, irrigation sequence between crops, irrigation time and other regulations, the basic rights of small farmers are guaranteed equal to the water irrigation. Irrigation and water irrigation based on official repair guarantees the demand for water use in agricultural production and supports it. The Tang Dynasty was strong in society.
The sixth part, taking the reform of the financial system in the late Tang Dynasty as the breakthrough point, inspected the agricultural economic function of the local government after the reform of fiscal decentralization. The fiscal decentralization reform of the two tax and three division system and the reconfiguration of the financial resources between the central and local governments of the Tang Dynasty made the local government the true leftover in the district. The local government is more close to the public, more aware of the utility and needs of the people in its jurisdiction, and thus the local government provides the public goods and is more likely to make the agriculture provided. Public goods are close to the local actual needs. Local governments take appropriate measures to repair water, develop new water conservancy, develop agricultural production, cultivate people's power, guarantee tax sources, pay taxes for poor households, relief relief and disaster relief, etc., and promote the development of local social and economic development in the late Tang Dynasty, especially the social and economic development of the southern region of the middle and late Tang Dynasty.
The seventh part summarizes and evaluates the agricultural economic function of the government of the Tang Dynasty. The institutional change and system innovation under the role of state power play an extremely important leading role in the various elements that cause economic growth and development. It emphasizes that the system is an endogenous variable affecting the development of the agricultural economy of the Tang Dynasty. The development of the agricultural economy of the Tang Dynasty is the source of the development of the Tang Dynasty. The inevitable result of the development of the productive forces is derived from the institutional change dominated by the Tang Dynasty government. First, the agricultural economic function of the government of the Tang Dynasty was summarized from six aspects. Secondly, the agricultural economic function of the Tang government was evaluated from the three aspects of its functions, vacancies and offside. The performance of the government's agricultural economic function in the Tang Dynasty confirmed the autocracy. The centralization system of the centralism is not only the guarantee of the development of agricultural economy, but also restricts the development of agricultural economy to a certain extent. We should give full affirmation to the government's various policies, measures and achievements in the performance of the agricultural economy and the management of agriculture in the Tang Dynasty.
【學位授予單位】：云南大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K242

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