本文選題：明代 + 內(nèi)閣　； 參考：《華中師范大學(xué)》2007年博士論文

【摘要】： 閣臣群體是明初罷中書、廢丞相后，幾經(jīng)嘗試而形成的一個(gè)直接服務(wù)于皇權(quán)的中央高級(jí)輔政官僚群體，也是中國皇權(quán)專制統(tǒng)治發(fā)展了千余年后所出現(xiàn)的具有鮮明時(shí)代特征的新的官僚群體，這個(gè)群體在明朝中央政權(quán)中所處地位之關(guān)鍵、政治活動(dòng)參與之廣泛、政治作用影響之具體深刻及與明朝國運(yùn)興衰聯(lián)系之密切，應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步引起明史研究者的高度重視。本文力圖在這方面進(jìn)行嘗試性的探索，以群體為中心，重點(diǎn)論述了以下五個(gè)問題： 一、梳理分析明代閣臣群體的構(gòu)成及主要特征。本部分首先闡明了明代閣臣的質(zhì)的規(guī)定性和界定了閣臣的具體數(shù)量，主要從閣臣群體的入閣與在閣資格、籍貫分別、入閣前的仕宦履歷與入閣年齡結(jié)構(gòu)、任閣職時(shí)間及群體的機(jī)緣關(guān)系五個(gè)方面分析閣臣群體構(gòu)成的特征，旨在說明閣臣群體的來龍去脈及其體現(xiàn)在他們政治生涯當(dāng)中十分復(fù)雜的政治網(wǎng)絡(luò)關(guān)系。這是從整體性上認(rèn)識(shí)評(píng)價(jià)閣臣群體的重要前提。 二、以時(shí)代為經(jīng)、以閣臣主要政治活動(dòng)內(nèi)容為緯，系統(tǒng)地論述明朝閣臣群體的政治作為。本部分主要通過閣臣群體幫助皇帝平允庶政、代皇帝言事、為明王朝力挽時(shí)艱、向皇帝直陳規(guī)諫四個(gè)方面分析閣臣群體對(duì)明朝軍國大事的政治核心參與和居中調(diào)理作用，闡明了閣臣群體的輔政活動(dòng)是積極、具體、實(shí)在的。本部分的大量事實(shí)表明，閣臣群體始終與明代皇權(quán)政治運(yùn)行相依相伴，閣臣群體政治作為功效的大小與明代政治強(qiáng)弱發(fā)展走勢(shì)呈現(xiàn)出十分明顯的正向關(guān)系，他們的輔政活動(dòng)與明代整個(gè)國家機(jī)器構(gòu)成了有效的互動(dòng)，其積極全面的政治作為成功地彌補(bǔ)了因相權(quán)缺失可能導(dǎo)致的政治混亂，為明朝的皇權(quán)統(tǒng)治度過一個(gè)又一個(gè)的難關(guān)，從而保證了明朝的國運(yùn)能夠延續(xù)二百七十六年。把握這些，對(duì)如何評(píng)價(jià)閣臣群體的歷史地位具有特別重要的意義。 三、從閣臣群體所面臨的復(fù)雜政治關(guān)系、所處政治地位的矛盾性及其政治生存本能需要出發(fā)，剖析閣臣群體的人格特性。重點(diǎn)闡明閣臣群體雖然與前代宰相群體有著本質(zhì)上的不同，但在實(shí)際輔政過程中卻在很大程度上履行以往宰相所擁有的職責(zé)，因而在他們內(nèi)心世界里仍然存在著濃厚的為相情結(jié)，反映在政治行為上則有明顯的以相自命之表現(xiàn)；又因?yàn)槊鞔w權(quán)完全附屬于皇權(quán)的屬性，閣臣群體在政治上對(duì)皇權(quán)形成了絕對(duì)的依附關(guān)系，所以，閣臣群體政治價(jià)值和任何個(gè)人目的的實(shí)現(xiàn)都必須以滿足皇帝個(gè)人的需要為前提，盡力投皇帝之所好并積極地逢迎皇帝成為閣臣群體復(fù)雜的政治需要。同時(shí)，歷代相延的傳統(tǒng)官僚的劣根性和現(xiàn)實(shí)政治的特殊性使得閣臣群體中時(shí)時(shí)表現(xiàn)出非道德性的人格操守�？陀^地反映與評(píng)析閣臣群體的人格特性對(duì)于全面地認(rèn)識(shí)閣臣群體必不可少。 四、閣臣群體在復(fù)雜艱難的政治環(huán)境下工作，其政治權(quán)力運(yùn)作格局與政治效能具有密切關(guān)聯(lián)。在明朝的各個(gè)不同時(shí)期，內(nèi)閣在國家政治生活中所起的作用是大不一樣的，不同的皇帝甚至同一皇帝于不同時(shí)段授予內(nèi)閣的權(quán)力輕重有異，閣權(quán)的時(shí)重時(shí)輕使閣臣群體政治能量的發(fā)揮受到較多的客觀限制，不同時(shí)段、不同閣臣權(quán)力大小取決于閣臣自身的政治素質(zhì)及對(duì)特殊的政治環(huán)境與契機(jī)的把握，而閣臣群體在政治舞臺(tái)上所發(fā)揮的政治效能則又與他們的權(quán)力運(yùn)作格局密切相關(guān)。分析這些，，有助于認(rèn)識(shí)閣臣群體整體性中的差異性和共性中的個(gè)性，進(jìn)一步理解閣臣群體與明代政治的曲折發(fā)展關(guān)系。 五、力圖客觀地評(píng)價(jià)明代閣臣群體的歷史地位。在明朝，閣臣群體是有史以來最為特殊的中央官僚政治群體，也是歷代皇帝維持統(tǒng)治不可或缺的政治群體。明朝沒有顯赫的國勢(shì)，亦鮮出英明的帝王，而政治常能由破損趨于均衡、由傾斜趨于平穩(wěn)，致有二百七十六年的天下，不從閣臣群體輔國安民的政治作為入手，不仔細(xì)分析這個(gè)群體與明朝政治興衰的關(guān)系，很難作出令人信服的回答。本文第二、三章以較長的篇幅從具體層面對(duì)此作了比較具體的論析，在本文結(jié)語中，再次從明朝在廢除丞相后為什么還要設(shè)內(nèi)閣輔政，閣臣群體輔政過程中與皇權(quán)、部權(quán)、宦權(quán)的互動(dòng)關(guān)系，閣臣群體輔政的直接效應(yīng)與潛在影響等方面進(jìn)一步陳說閣臣群體政治地位與政治作用的重要性，旨在還原明代閣臣群體應(yīng)有的歷史地位。 總的來說，作為明代歷史研究一個(gè)方面的學(xué)術(shù)嘗試，本文在對(duì)明代閣臣群體進(jìn)行研究的過程中，堅(jiān)持客觀分析、重點(diǎn)舉述、突出群體的原則，力求描繪出明代閣臣群體基本真實(shí)的歷史面貌，并期望有助于提高明史愛好者對(duì)明代閣臣群體歷史作用與歷史地位的進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí)。當(dāng)然，明代閣臣群體研究是一個(gè)既新又頗有難度的課題，涉及到的歷史人物、政治關(guān)系、歷史資料等十分復(fù)雜，真正研究起來倍感艱辛，本文只是一個(gè)階段性的研究結(jié)果，一些與之密切相關(guān)且非常具有研究意義的內(nèi)容一定會(huì)在來日接續(xù)上去。
[Abstract]:The Kor Chen group is a new bureaucratic group, which is directly served by the imperial power, and is a new bureaucratic group which has been developed for more than a thousand years after the imperial power has been developed for more than a thousand years. This group is the key to the position of the group in the central government of the Ming Dynasty. The extensive participation of the governance activities, the profound influence of the political role and the close connection with the prosperity and decline of the Ming Dynasty, should further arouse the attention of the researchers of the Ming Dynasty. This article tries to make a tentative exploration in this field and focus on the group, focusing on the following five problems:
First, this part clarifies the composition and main characteristics of the Kor Chen group in the Ming Dynasty. This part first clarifies the quality regulation of the Kor Chen in the Ming Dynasty and defines the specific quantity of the cabinet, mainly from the cabinet of the cabinet of the cabinet and the qualifications of the cabinet, the native place, the age structure of the official history and the entrance of the cabinet, and the relationship between the time of the cabinet and the relationship of the group. The analysis of the characteristics of the kemchen group aims at explaining the origin of the Kemen group and its complex political network relations in their political career. This is an important prerequisite for the overall understanding of the evaluation of the Kemen group.
Two, taking the times as the classics and taking the main political activities of Kor Chen as the weft, this paper systematically expounds the political action of the imperial courtier group in the Ming Dynasty. This part mainly through the Kor Chen group to help the emperor to calm the common politics, and give the emperor to say things, for the Ming Dynasty to save time and hard, to analyze the political core of the military state affairs in the Ming Dynasty by the emperor's admonition in the four aspects. In this part, a large number of facts show that the Kor Chen Group has always been associated with the political operation of the Ming Dynasty and the political power of the Ming Dynasty has a very obvious positive relationship with the development trend of the political strength and weakness of the Ming Dynasty. Political activities have formed an effective interaction with the whole national machinery in the Ming Dynasty, and its positive and comprehensive politics successfully made up for the political confusion that may lead to the lack of phase rights, and spent one of the other difficulties for the imperial rule of the Ming Dynasty, thus ensuring the continuation of the Ming Dynasty's national transport for two hundred and seventy-six years. The historical status of the ministers is of special importance.
Three, from the complex political relations faced by the chancellor group, the contradiction of the political status and the instinct of political survival, the personality characteristics of the chancellor group are analyzed. It is pointed out that the chancellor group is essentially different from the former Prime Minister group, but in the process of practical administration, the chancellor group has carried out the former prime minister to a large extent. Some responsibilities, therefore, still exist in their inner world, there is still a strong phase complex, reflected in the political behavior, there is a clear expression of self life; and because the power of the Ming Dynasty is completely attached to the property of the imperial power, the cabinet group has formed an absolute dependence on the imperial power in politics. So, the political value of the Kor Chen group and any of them The realization of personal purpose must be on the premise of meeting the needs of the emperor's personal needs, trying to make the best of the emperor and actively welcome the emperor to become the complex political needs of the imperial courtier group. At the same time, the inferiority of the traditional bureaucrats and the particularity of the realistic politics in the past dynasties make the personalities of the kamchen group present a non moral personality ethics. Reflecting and analyzing the personality characteristics of the cabinet ministers is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the cabinet ministers.
Four, the courtier group works in a complex and difficult political environment, and its political power operation pattern is closely related to the political effectiveness. In different periods of the Ming Dynasty, the role of the cabinet in the political life of the state is very different, and the power of the different emperors and even the same Emperor at different periods of time is different in the power of the cabinet. When the right time is heavy, the political energy of the group of courtier groups is restricted by more objective. Different times, the power of different courtiers depends on the political quality of his own courtiers and the special political environment and opportunity, while the political efficiency of the cabinet group on the political stage is closely related to their power operation pattern. It is helpful to understand the differences in the integrity of the courtier group and the individuality in the generality, and to further understand the zigzag development relationship between the Kor Chen group and the politics of the Ming Dynasty.
Five, trying to objectively evaluate the historical status of the Kemen group in the Ming Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, the Kemen group was the most special central bureaucratic group in the history of the Ming Dynasty. It was also an indispensable political group for the emperors to maintain its rule. For two hundred and seventy-six years, it is difficult to make a convincing answer to the relationship between the group and the political prosperity and decline of the Ming Dynasty. The second, third chapter of this paper makes a more specific analysis from the specific level, and again from the conclusion of this article, from the conclusion of this article. After the abolition of the prime minister, why should the Ming Dynasty set up a cabinet assistant administration, the interaction relationship with the imperial power, the Ministry power, the eunuch power, the direct effect and the potential influence of the Kor Chen group, the importance of the political status and political role of the Kor Chen group, in order to restore the historical status of the Kor Chen group in the Ming Dynasty.
Generally speaking, as an academic attempt in the study of the Ming Dynasty history, this article, in the process of studying the group of Katsu in the Ming Dynasty, insists on the objective analysis, focusing on the principles of the group, and striving to describe the basic true historical features of the Kor Chen group in the Ming Dynasty, and hope to improve the history of the Ming Dynasty enthusiasts to the group calendar of the Katsu in the Ming Dynasty. Of course, the study of the imperial courtier group in the Ming Dynasty is a new and difficult subject. The historical figures, political relations and historical data are very complicated, and it is very difficult to study. This paper is only a phase of research results, some closely related and very research. The content of meaning is bound to go on in the coming day.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號(hào)】：K248

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 熊冰玉;楊海燕;;明代閣臣群體新探——以地域分布、遷轉(zhuǎn)狀況為視點(diǎn)[J];隴東學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào);2011年03期

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前3條

1 馮明;張居正改革群體研究[D];華中師范大學(xué);2011年

2 李佳;論明代的君臣沖突[D];東北師范大學(xué);2011年

3 李玉偉;晚明居干群體研究[D];中央民族大學(xué);2013年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前9條

1 劉倩;誠與中庸：申時(shí)行的政治行為模式研究[D];華中師范大學(xué);2011年

2 吳丹;晚明時(shí)局與葉向高的政治困境[D];東北師范大學(xué);2011年

3 邵憲振;嘉隆萬時(shí)期內(nèi)閣政治研究[D];山東師范大學(xué);2012年

4 范莉莉;明代蘇州知府治蘇研究[D];蘇州大學(xué);2010年

5 時(shí)江玲;明朝嘉靖至萬歷前期的內(nèi)閣首輔制研究[D];中國政法大學(xué);2010年

6 熊敏;張四維與張居正關(guān)系研究[D];華中師范大學(xué);2012年

7 孫冰;明代笑話文本解讀[D];華中師范大學(xué);2012年

8 楊海燕;常與變：陜甘總督群體構(gòu)成與人事嬗遞探頤[D];溫州大學(xué);2012年

9 張麗娟;劉崧與元明之際臺(tái)閣文學(xué)[D];首都師范大學(xué);2013年

本文編號(hào)：1969449