本文選題：逃人 + 逃人法��； 參考：《南開(kāi)大學(xué)》2009年博士論文

【摘要】： 《督捕則例》是清朝重要的政治法律制度,也是清初五大弊政之一(剃發(fā)、異服、圈地、投充、逃人法)�！抖讲秳t例》的主要內(nèi)容是清代關(guān)于抓捕逃人的法律規(guī)定。《督捕則例》在形式上經(jīng)過(guò)了入關(guān)前的“逃人法”和入關(guān)后的《兵部督捕則例》和刑部《督捕則例》;在時(shí)間上從努爾哈赤“緝捕逃人,特為創(chuàng)典”(1587)開(kāi)始到道光十四年(1834)增入最后1條例,前后進(jìn)行了240余年,各朝都有修訂,其內(nèi)容最終為109條373款,主要包括處罰“逃人”、懲治隱匿“逃人”的窩主、規(guī)定有關(guān)人員的緝捕措施和獎(jiǎng)懲辦法三個(gè)方面;在實(shí)施上,經(jīng)歷了清初到康熙三十八年(1699)嚴(yán)厲實(shí)施、康熙三十八年(1699)到雍正二年(1734)緩和實(shí)施和雍正二年(1734)到清末懈怠實(shí)施三個(gè)階段;在機(jī)構(gòu)上,順治十年(1653)十二月特設(shè)兵部都捕衙門專掌逃人事務(wù)、地方各省由派駐各省的滿洲將軍審理有關(guān)逃人案件,康熙三十八年(1699)裁撤兵部督捕衙門而將督捕事務(wù)“歸并刑部審理”改稱“督捕司”,雍正二年(1734)將刑部督捕二司一廳(前、后司,司務(wù)廳)改為一司�！栋似焯幏掷げ短印贰ⅰ独舨刻幏掷ぞ儾短尤恕�、《理藩院刑法·捕逃》補(bǔ)充了《督捕則例》的內(nèi)容。 清統(tǒng)治者非常重視《督捕則例》的修訂與實(shí)施,在康熙三十八年(1699)以前,一直被朝廷視為“第一急務(wù)”,因此《督捕則例》不但與當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)政治生活有密切的關(guān)系,而且關(guān)系到清王朝的政治體制與法律權(quán)威,也體現(xiàn)出當(dāng)時(shí)的司法過(guò)程和行政管理過(guò)程。 《督捕則例》的實(shí)施,并沒(méi)有帶來(lái)清朝統(tǒng)治者所希望的結(jié)果,反而成為滿洲貴族入關(guān)以后執(zhí)行民族高壓政策的罪證,它不僅給以漢族為主體的各族勞動(dòng)人民造成了精神上、物質(zhì)上的巨大苦痛和災(zāi)難,遭到了他們的強(qiáng)烈反抗,而且極大地影響到社會(huì)發(fā)展歷史的進(jìn)程,其社會(huì)效果極為惡劣。一是激化了當(dāng)時(shí)的民族矛盾。由于清初大批逃人是滿洲在與明朝的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中從關(guān)內(nèi)掠取的,許多逃人有家難歸、求生無(wú)門,大量奴仆紛紛走上造反的道路;逃人法的實(shí)施使流民問(wèn)題更難以解決;因逃人法嚴(yán),對(duì)窩逃處罰更嚴(yán),滿漢官民矛盾突出。二是激化了階級(jí)矛盾。由于在審理逃人案件上,滿漢官員因認(rèn)識(shí)和利益不同而出現(xiàn)分歧;逃人法重在窩逃,不但處理嚴(yán)厲,而且刑罰殘酷,大大危及到漢官漢民的利益,因此遭到眾多漢官的反對(duì);逃人法波及范圍廣泛,官員為了保住自己的權(quán)位,不惜以擴(kuò)大株連以彰顯功績(jī),不法奸棍借機(jī)欺詐勒索,受害的人數(shù)眾多,民間怨聲載道。三是毀滅了人們的愛(ài)心和人性。逃人法體現(xiàn)了統(tǒng)治階級(jí)的意志,承認(rèn)了滿族貴族占有奴仆的合法性,而且利用國(guó)家權(quán)力制止奴仆逃亡,以保證滿族貴族有剝削奴仆的權(quán)利;因?yàn)椴榻馓尤耸强己斯倮舻闹匾笜?biāo),地方官寧可誤抓而不愿漏查,寧可造成冤案,也不愿冒失察之險(xiǎn);窩逃之法十分嚴(yán)厲,“一遇面生可疑之輩,即使不是逃人,也該疑作逃人”,更不敢施舍救濟(jì),否則極可能殺身破家、連累無(wú)數(shù)。四是阻礙了社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。逃人法不利于流民的招撫,不但影響了荒地的開(kāi)墾,社會(huì)生產(chǎn)難以恢復(fù),而且嚴(yán)峻的逃人法使許多人慘遭殺害,破壞和減少了勞動(dòng)力,在人人自危的情況下,也直接阻礙了商業(yè)發(fā)展。 《督捕則例》在政治上體現(xiàn)了清王朝從“滿漢畛域”到“滿漢合一”的統(tǒng)治政策,表現(xiàn)出貴族與官僚政治的結(jié)合;在立法上,反映了以君主為主體的立法程序和融合應(yīng)變的立法原則;在制度上,以連坐、利誘來(lái)構(gòu)建國(guó)家的搜查體制,因而忽略了人與人之間的利益關(guān)系及社會(huì)文化基礎(chǔ),連坐或牽連,實(shí)際使得官吏們無(wú)心防逃與緝逃,最后導(dǎo)致難以協(xié)調(diào)運(yùn)作。《督捕則例》也試圖和其他制度相銜接,首先是試圖發(fā)揮獎(jiǎng)懲制度的效用,但輕賞重罰;其次是試圖與考核制度結(jié)合起來(lái),但以一項(xiàng)指標(biāo)而定升降,忽略了綜合評(píng)定;再次試圖與監(jiān)督機(jī)制相結(jié)合,但嚴(yán)厲督促不能替代連坐帶來(lái)的后果。因此《督捕則例》規(guī)定雖然具體,但很難發(fā)揮其應(yīng)有的功效。 清初力行逃人法,是為了擴(kuò)大滿族的利益,滿族的社會(huì)準(zhǔn)則是以他們多殺為榮耀、以搶掠為富足、以“殺”、“搶”為核心,這也就決定了逃人法的實(shí)施帶有民族鎮(zhèn)壓的性質(zhì)。法律的良好運(yùn)行需要法制的穩(wěn)定,雖然法律有順應(yīng)時(shí)勢(shì)發(fā)展的特征,但統(tǒng)治者為達(dá)某一特定目的而不顧整體時(shí)局,對(duì)法律任意變更,這一方面使法律更難執(zhí)行,另一方面也威脅政治統(tǒng)治秩序,更會(huì)使人們對(duì)法律失去信任。法律的實(shí)施需要社會(huì)力量的支持,在傳統(tǒng)政治體制弊端日益顯露的情況下,惡法作為權(quán)宜之計(jì)會(huì)一時(shí)發(fā)揮作用,達(dá)到統(tǒng)治者某些方面的目的,但沒(méi)有社會(huì)力量支持的法律,遲早會(huì)推出歷史舞臺(tái)。
[Abstract]:In the past two decades ( 1699 ) in the Qing Dynasty , there were three aspects : the Qing Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty ( 1699 ) .



The Qing rulers attached great importance to the revision and implementation of the rules and regulations , which were regarded as " first urgent affairs " by the imperial court before the thirty - eight years ( 1699 ) of the reign of the reign of the reign of Emperor Kang Xi , so the governor of the Qing Dynasty not only has a close relationship with the social political life at the time , but also the political system and the legal authority of the Qing Dynasty , and also reflects the judicial process and the administrative procedure of the time .



The law of escape is to destroy people ' s love and human nature . It has hindered the development of the society and economy , which has hindered the development of the society and economy . The escape method is not conducive to the pacification of the people , which not only affects the reclamation of the wasteland , the social production is difficult to recover , but also the grim escape law has caused many people to be killed , destroyed and reduced the labor force , and also directly hindered the commercial development in the case of human being .



On the political basis , the rule policy of the Qing Dynasty from " Manchu and Han nationality " to " Manchu - Han - one " in the Qing Dynasty manifested the combination of the noble and the bureaucratic politics . In the legislation , it reflected the legislative procedure and the legislative principle of the fusion and strain of the monarch as the main body . In the system , it reflected the legal procedure and the social culture foundation , and finally led to the difficulty of coordinating the operation .



In order to enlarge Manchu ' s interests , the Manchu social norm is to kill the people with their own glory . The law has the character of national repression . The law is more difficult to execute , but also threatens the order of political domination , which makes the law more difficult to execute . On the other hand , the law is more difficult to execute .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南開(kāi)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：K249

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 胡祥雨;;“逃人法”入“順治律”考——兼談“逃人法”的應(yīng)用[J];清史研究;2012年03期

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本文編號(hào)：1967556