本文選題：兩周時(shí)期 + 采邑��； 參考：《南開大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：采邑制度是兩周時(shí)期重要的政治制度,對(duì)其相關(guān)問題的研究,是近年來學(xué)界重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的問題。本文對(duì)于兩周時(shí)期采邑制度演變情況的討論,按照時(shí)間發(fā)展順序,分為西周時(shí)期、春秋時(shí)期、戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期三個(gè)部分。力圖通過對(duì)每個(gè)歷史階段采邑制度典型特征的考證,探究采邑制度在兩周時(shí)期演變的原因、過程以及意義。 本文首先討論了西周時(shí)期金文中“采”的性質(zhì)與采邑的類型。西周金文中所見的“采”指的是某一地域具有一定范圍的土地,其上之田地、城邑、河流、民人、居所均屬于采邑主所有,采邑主通過獲取屬民提供的生產(chǎn)成果或者享受屬民通過服役提供的各種服務(wù)來維持其家族的生存與繁衍,并實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)其采邑進(jìn)行有效控制之目的。封授采邑不受地域限制,既有畿內(nèi)貴族采邑,亦存在設(shè)在邊地帶有軍事之目的采邑。在封授采邑的同時(shí),附著于土地上的民人也一同被賜予。采邑主既擁有為自己提供服務(wù)的臣妾,也有在田地上耕作的農(nóng)民。西周時(shí)期采邑的管理模式是通過家臣來進(jìn)行統(tǒng)治,采邑主并未直接參與。西周時(shí)期采邑分為兩種類型,一是周王賞賜之采邑,一是諸侯或者采邑主賞賜之采邑。 針對(duì)前人對(duì)西周時(shí)期采邑的城邑、土田形態(tài)以及民人組織、軍事武裝的模糊認(rèn)識(shí),本文結(jié)合金文資料、考古發(fā)掘材料與傳世文獻(xiàn)予以綜合考察。西周時(shí)期采邑的城邑分為主邑和附屬于主邑的小邑兩種類型,并且形成了“主邑——邊邑”和“主邑——次級(jí)邑——小邑”兩種層級(jí)關(guān)系；西周時(shí)期采邑之土田有非常明晰的界限,或以樹木為界,或以道路為疆。土田附屬于邑之周圍,與邑相連或者相隔。采邑土田之地形復(fù)雜,包括山、林、川、澤；采邑中從事生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)的屬民一般是以族氏為單位為采邑主提供服務(wù)。西周中晚期,采邑內(nèi)部的屬民地位有所變化,地位較低的人晉升成為采邑主身邊重要的家臣；采邑的軍事武裝以族為編制單位,多奉王命進(jìn)行對(duì)外戰(zhàn)爭。 進(jìn)入春秋時(shí)期,采邑制度有了長足的發(fā)展。具體表現(xiàn)為：第一,采邑類型的多樣化。主要表現(xiàn)為在西周時(shí)期采邑類型的基礎(chǔ)上出現(xiàn)了許多新的類型,并且突破了以往封授的規(guī)則,出現(xiàn)了封授采邑隨意化的傾向：第二,采邑的城邑形態(tài)有了新的變化。主要表現(xiàn)為控制范圍變大、城邑規(guī)模的違制以及新城邑群結(jié)構(gòu)的顯現(xiàn)；第三,貴族所屬的軍事武裝實(shí)力強(qiáng)大。主要有三個(gè)顯著特點(diǎn)：是族兵并非是由一族之人構(gòu)成,二是族兵的成分也很復(fù)雜,三是戰(zhàn)斗力極其強(qiáng)悍。采邑主一旦掌控地方都邑兵,公室之兵則變?yōu)樗郊抑娛铝α?此成為國家不穩(wěn)定的根源；第四,春秋時(shí)期采邑出現(xiàn)了新的民人組織類型,被稱為“黨”或者“徒”。黨包括軍隊(duì)中的車兵將領(lǐng)及步兵之帥,還包括大夫之弟、有采邑者、世家大族之婿以及武士。作為采邑主支持者之“徒”,不僅包括家臣,當(dāng)然還包括自己的支持者。春秋時(shí)期采邑之民與公室之民存在轉(zhuǎn)換的現(xiàn)象。 戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期封君制度下的封邑相較于傳統(tǒng)采邑而言,既有與其相類似的楚國封君封邑,也有發(fā)生了質(zhì)變的三晉以及秦國的封君封邑。首先,戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期楚國封君以及中下級(jí)貴族封邑土田形態(tài)與春秋時(shí)期類似,但亦出現(xiàn)了自由買賣、分田而耕等新的特點(diǎn)。楚國封君統(tǒng)轄范圍內(nèi)之民人與封君的隸屬關(guān)系,沒有春秋時(shí)期采邑主與所屬民人關(guān)系牢固；其次,戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期三晉封君在其封邑內(nèi)設(shè)置職官,以及為自己服務(wù)的各種機(jī)構(gòu)。齊國封君在其封邑內(nèi)從事一些經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng),與封邑內(nèi)屬民的關(guān)系只是經(jīng)濟(jì)上的關(guān)系。秦國封君的封邑相對(duì)較��；再次,封君賓客的身份來源頗為復(fù)雜,大部分僅是通過取得賓客身份而獲得一份長期可提供食宿的工作；第四,戰(zhàn)國晚期封君出現(xiàn)獨(dú)立傾向,是由于封君之封邑與采邑制度存在制度上的聯(lián)系。
[Abstract]:The system is an important political system in the two - week period , which is the focus of the academic circle in recent years . This paper is divided into three parts : the Western Zhou Dynasty , the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period according to the sequence of time development .

This paper first discusses the nature of the " mining " and the type of the cities in the western Zhou Dynasty . The " mining " as seen in the Jin Wen of the Western Zhou Dynasty refers to the land which has a certain range in a certain region .

In view of the former ' s vague understanding of the cities , land forms and people ' s organization and military armed forces during the Western Zhou Dynasty , this paper makes a comprehensive study on the materials of Jinwen and archaeological excavation materials and the literature .
The land fields of the cities in the Western Zhou Dynasty have very clear limits , or the trees are bound , or the roads are Xinjiang . The land is attached to the cities and is separated from the cities . The terrain of the cities of the cities is complicated , including mountains , forests , rivers and Ze ;
In the middle and late of the Western Zhou Dynasty , the status of the people in the cities changed , and those with lower status promoted the promotion of the people in the cities to become the most important ministers around the cities .
The military arm of the cities is a unit of the ethnic group , serving the king ' s life to carry out the foreign wars .

In the Spring and Autumn Period , the development of the cities of the cities is characterized by the diversification of the first and the types of cities . The main performance is that there are many new types on the basis of the type of the cities in the Western Zhou Dynasty .
Third , the military strength of the noble belongs to the powerful . There are three main characteristics : the clan soldier is not composed of one group of people , the second is the composition of the family soldier is very complicated , the third is the fighting force is extremely strong . When the city master controls the place , the army of the public office becomes the military power of the private home , which becomes the root cause of the instability of the country ;
Fourth , during the Spring and Autumn Period , the cities of the Spring and Autumn Period appeared the new type of people ' s organization , called the " Party " or " disciple " . The Party included the commanders of the army and the commander of the infantry . He also included the younger brother of the doctor , the son - in - law of the family and the warrior . As the " disciple " of the main supporter of the city , not only the family minister , but also his supporters . The people in the cities of the Spring and Autumn Period had a transition from the people of the public office .

The feudal lords of the Warring States Period were similar to those of the traditional cities , and the feudal lords of the three Jin Dynasties and the Qin States of the Warring States Period were similar to those of the traditional cities . First of all , the state of Chu in the Warring States Period was similar to that in the Spring and Autumn Period , but they also appeared the new characteristics of free trade and field cultivation .
Secondly , during the Warring States Period , the leaders of the three Jin Dynasties were set up in their feudal cities , and the various institutions serving their own services were set up . Qi Guizong was engaged in some economic activities in his capital cities . The relations with the people in the feudal lords were only economic relations .
Again , the identity of the guests is complex , mostly by obtaining a guest ' s identity and obtaining a long - term accommodation ;
Fourthly , the development of the independence tendency in the late Warring States Period was due to the link between the feudal lords and the system of the cities .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南開大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：D691.2;K224

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條

1 李修松;;周代里社初論[J];安徽師大學(xué)報(bào)(哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)版);1986年01期

2 張榮明;春秋戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期地方行政制度的演變[J];寶雞師院學(xué)報(bào)(哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)版);1990年01期

3 胡方恕;關(guān)于春秋時(shí)代的“室”與其相關(guān)的問題[J];東北師大學(xué)報(bào);1983年05期

4 徐喜辰;論周代的世卿巨室及其再封制度[J];東北師大學(xué)報(bào);1989年05期

5 錢林書;戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期齊國的封君及封邑[J];復(fù)旦學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版);1999年02期

6 葉其峰;戰(zhàn)國官璽的國別及有關(guān)問題[J];故宮博物院院刊;1981年03期

7 謝乃和;;《周禮》“冢宰”與金文所見西周王家之宰[J];古代文明;2007年03期

8 閆明恕;“采邑”是晉文公稱霸諸侯的一項(xiàng)重要措施[J];貴州師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版);1995年03期

9 蔡禮彬;戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期齊國卿大夫家族形態(tài)初探[J];管子學(xué)刊;2003年01期

10 白國紅;試論先秦時(shí)期趙國的封君制度[J];河北師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2002年01期

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 謝堯亭;晉南地區(qū)西周墓葬研究[D];吉林大學(xué);2010年

，

本文編號(hào)：1963817