發(fā)布時間：2018-05-20 18:32

  本文選題：春秋 + 戰(zhàn)國　； 參考：《陜西師范大學》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：本文以從血緣到地緣的轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹骶�,對春秋戰(zhàn)國的行政區(qū)劃制度、土地制度、軍事制度和教育制度進行了研究。 第一部分,緒論。首先,指出本選題的意義；其次,概述了過去學者的研究成果；再次,介紹了本文的研究目的和方法。最后,從宏觀上論述了春秋戰(zhàn)國社會大變革的原因,指出變革是多種因素綜合引起的,并分析了制度變革的思想基礎——與商周時代的神權相比,人在宇宙中的地位提高,認識到了人自身的價值。 第二部分,主要研究了春秋戰(zhàn)國行政區(qū)劃制度的變革。首先分析了制度變革最主要的原因就是富國強兵。富國強兵首先要加強公室的力量,所以直屬于國君的縣和郡誕生,并最終形成郡縣制的行政區(qū)劃組織。土地制度與軍事制度的變革都是在這一基礎之上發(fā)生的。為了實現(xiàn)對脫離宗族組織的人民的管理,各國普遍建立了以鄉(xiāng)里為主要基層組織的制度。 第三部分,集中論述了春秋戰(zhàn)國土地制度的變革。西周實行的是宗族土地所有制,這與西周的宗法分封制有密切的關系,實行集體勞動,財產(chǎn)為宗族集體占有,對國、野采取不同的管理方式。從西周晚期開始土地制度發(fā)生變化,出現(xiàn)土地交換、租借等現(xiàn)象,經(jīng)過春秋時期的土地兼并,各國都進行了田制與賦稅的改革,國野差別逐漸消失,形成了貴族土地所有制這樣一種過渡形態(tài),到了戰(zhàn)國則變?yōu)閲宜兄啤?第四部分,主要討論了春秋戰(zhàn)國軍事制度的變革。西周沒有常備軍,與殷商一樣都是臨時征集,西六師和殷八師與地域有密切的關系,兵源是國人當兵野人不當兵,國人也僅限于正卒。春秋各國的改革使國野差別逐漸消失,戰(zhàn)國實行普遍征兵制�；诒磁c地緣的關系,軍賦與土地關系密切,西周春秋人民個體不直接與國家發(fā)生聯(lián)系,而是通過宗族來承擔,到了戰(zhàn)國時期則是國家直接向人民征收軍賦。車馬甲春秋是自備,到了戰(zhàn)國則由政府提供。春秋時期的戰(zhàn)爭是爭霸戰(zhàn)爭,但在爭霸中也存在著兼并,到了戰(zhàn)國則變?yōu)榧娌?zhàn)爭。 第五部分,主要研究了春秋戰(zhàn)國教育制度的變革。西周時期的教育是學在官府,以官為師。西周的學校分為小學和大學兩個不同的階段。小學的教師主要是保、史職官員,大學的教師主要是師職官員,師既是軍事統(tǒng)帥,也是樂官,也是教師,當時的官員文武不分,所以史職類官員也從事大學教育。小學和大學的教育內(nèi)容也不同。春秋時期,官學開始衰落,私家教育出現(xiàn)。秦統(tǒng)一全國之后,李斯向始皇帝建議“以吏為師”,恢復了西周春秋時期“官學”教育模式。
[Abstract]:This paper studies the system of administrative division, land system, military system and education system in the Spring and Autumn period and warring States period. The first part, introduction. First, it points out the significance of this topic; secondly, summarizes the research results of past scholars; thirdly, introduces the purpose and method of this paper. Finally, it discusses the causes of the great social change in the Spring and Autumn period and warring States period, points out that the change is caused by many factors, and analyzes the ideological basis of the system change-compared with the theocratic power of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the status of man in the universe is improved. Realize the value of man himself. The second part mainly studies the reform of administrative division system in Spring and Autumn period and warring States period. First of all, it analyzes the main reason of the system reform is to enrich the country and strengthen the armed forces. The rich and powerful soldiers must strengthen the power of the public office first, so the county and county directly under the monarch were born, and finally formed the administrative division organization of the county and county system. The reform of land system and military system both occurred on this basis. In order to realize the management of the people who separated from the clan organizations, the system of taking the village as the main grass-roots organization was established in various countries. The third part focuses on the reform of land system in the Spring and Autumn period and warring States period. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, patriarchal clan land ownership was practiced, which was closely related to the patriarchal clan system of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Collective labor was carried out, and the property was occupied by the clans collectively, and different management methods were adopted to the country and the wild. From the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the land system began to change, land exchange, lease and other phenomena, after the Spring and Autumn period of land annexation, all countries carried out the reform of land system and taxation, the difference between the country and wild gradually disappeared. The formation of aristocratic land ownership such a transitional form, to the warring States into state ownership. The fourth part mainly discusses the reform of the military system in the Spring and Autumn period and warring States period. The Western Zhou Dynasty had no standing army, like Yin and Shang, it was a temporary recruitment. The sixth and eighth divisions of the West had close relations with the region. The source of the soldiers was that the Chinese soldiers were not soldiers, and the people were also limited to soldiers. The reform of the Spring and Autumn period gradually disappeared the differences between the state and the wild, and the warring States implemented the universal conscription system. Based on the relationship between the source of the army and the geography, the military assignment was closely related to the land. The individual people of the Western Zhou Dynasty did not have direct contact with the country, but they took the responsibility through the clan. In the warring States period, the state directly collected the military Fu from the people. Car vest Spring and Autumn is self-provided, to the warring States by the government to provide. The war in the Spring and Autumn period was a war for hegemony, but there was also annexation in the struggle for hegemony, but in the warring States period it became a war of annexation. The fifth part mainly studies the reform of education system in the Spring and Autumn period and warring States period. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, education was taught in the government, with the official as the teacher. The schools of the Western Zhou Dynasty were divided into two different stages: primary school and university. Primary school teachers are mainly officials of history and university. Teachers are military commanders, music officials and teachers. At that time, the officials in the history category were not separated from each other, so the officials in the history category were also engaged in university education. The content of primary school and university education is also different. During the Spring and Autumn period, official education began to decline and private education appeared. After Qin unified the whole country, Li Si suggested to the first emperor to "take the officials as the teacher", and restored the education mode of "official study" in the Spring and Autumn period of Western Zhou Dynasty.
【學位授予單位】：陜西師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：K225;K231

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本文編號：1915773