本文選題：宋朝 + 物質(zhì)　； 參考：《河南大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：賞賜是中國古代統(tǒng)治階級的慣用之術(shù),歷來被視為馭人治國的重要權(quán)柄,宋代亦然。宋朝賞賜類型多樣,三年一次的郊祀賞賜規(guī)模最大,對國家財政、官員經(jīng)濟(jì)生活有著重大影響。宋朝賞賜類型大都帶有鮮明的時代特色,如賻贈的管理機(jī)構(gòu)、法令、對象及物品均呈現(xiàn)出與前朝不同的特點(diǎn)。舉告賞賜廣泛設(shè)立于刑事犯罪、政治、軍事、經(jīng)濟(jì)、思想文化、社會生活等領(lǐng)域,相關(guān)制度細(xì)密而規(guī)范。貢賜貿(mào)易的基本原則仍為“厚往薄來”,回賜中的額外賞賜數(shù)額較大。宋朝注重軍功賞賜相關(guān)制度建設(shè),賞格更為完備和詳盡,評議過程和管理更加系統(tǒng)和完善。 宋朝賞賜物品有質(zhì)的變化。主要賞賜物品的比重發(fā)生根本性改變,錢幣、白銀的使用開始超過絹帛,而絹帛仍占據(jù)著重要地位。章服賞賜趨于制度化、規(guī)范化,并呈現(xiàn)出漸趨泛濫的趨勢。宋朝國有土地數(shù)量大幅減少,賜田規(guī)模不及前朝,來源趨于多元化,但仍以國有土地為主。北宋初年宅第賞賜的政治色彩濃厚,賜第產(chǎn)權(quán)問題較為復(fù)雜,隨著受賜對象的漸趨增加,至中后期引發(fā)了較為嚴(yán)重的社會問題。宋朝賞賜所用的農(nóng)畜產(chǎn)品也發(fā)生了重大變化,米、麥取代粟,羊取代馬成為發(fā)放數(shù)量最多的農(nóng)畜產(chǎn)品。宋朝賞賜物品的巨大變化還表現(xiàn)在舊品種的漸趨消失及新品種的出現(xiàn)等方面。 宋朝各級文武官員享有優(yōu)渥的經(jīng)濟(jì)待遇,受賜時機(jī)和場合超過前朝,這種厚遇一方面使得宋朝涌現(xiàn)出一批以國事為己任、在國難當(dāng)頭敢于擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)墓倭攀看蠓�；另一方面使得宋朝官員經(jīng)濟(jì)來源趨于多元化。宋朝對宗室、外戚一向防范甚嚴(yán),不許其染指實(shí)權(quán),而償之以豐厚的物質(zhì)利益。歸明、歸正人是宋朝重點(diǎn)安置的特殊群體,為吸引更多的人歸順,宋朝在政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)上多給予厚待,或遷官進(jìn)爵,或賜以錢物。宋朝皇帝大多崇信宗教,對僧寺道觀的賞賜往往能反映出皇帝對宗教的態(tài)度及政策,同時對宗教的發(fā)展起著一定的導(dǎo)向作用。 宋朝物質(zhì)賞賜的顯著變化折射了社會的發(fā)展和時代的變遷。賞賜標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的若干變化順應(yīng)了時代需求,成為社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的動力。社會經(jīng)濟(jì)取得的巨大進(jìn)步是宋朝推行賞賜的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),而“三冗”局面及窘迫的財政狀況又成為影響其發(fā)展的掣肘,自北宋中期始政府開始限制物質(zhì)賞賜的規(guī)模。物質(zhì)賞賜在宋朝政治經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中占據(jù)著重要地位,它強(qiáng)化了君主專制,鞏固了封建統(tǒng)治基礎(chǔ),促進(jìn)了社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的繁榮,推動了科技文化的發(fā)展。盡管如此,宋朝物質(zhì)賞賜仍存在著諸多弊端,賞罰不公、賞重于罰是其中最大的問題,相關(guān)制度不夠完善是弊端產(chǎn)生的重要原因,由此給宋代社會帶來一系列不良后果和影響。
[Abstract]:Reward is the usual technique of the ruling class in ancient China, and has always been regarded as an important authority to govern the country by people, as well as by the Song Dynasty. There were various types of rewards in the Song Dynasty, and the scale of the three-year tributes was the largest, which had a great influence on the national finance and the economic life of the officials. Most of the types of rewards in Song Dynasty have distinctive characteristics of the times, such as the administrative organs, decrees, objects and articles which were presented with different characteristics from those of the previous dynasties. The reward is widely established in criminal, political, military, economic, ideological and cultural, social life and other fields. The basic principle of tributary trade is still "thick and thin", the return of the additional reward is larger. The Song Dynasty paid attention to the construction of the system of military merit reward, and the evaluation process and management were more systematic and perfect. There were qualitative changes in the rewards of the Song Dynasty. The proportion of the main gifts changed fundamentally. Coins and silver began to be used more than silk, which still occupied an important position. Chapter service rewards tend to be institutionalized, standardized, and showing a trend of flooding. The number of state-owned land in the Song Dynasty has been greatly reduced, the size of the land granted is not as large as that of the previous period, and the sources tend to be diversified, but it is still dominated by state-owned land. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the political color of the reward was very strong, and the issue of the property right was more complicated. With the increasing of the recipients, it caused more serious social problems in the middle and late period. The agricultural and livestock products used in Song Dynasty also changed greatly. Rice and wheat replaced millet and sheep instead of horses became the most distributed agricultural and livestock products. The great changes of the reward items in Song Dynasty were also reflected in the gradual disappearance of the old varieties and the emergence of new ones. Civil and military officials at all levels of the Song Dynasty enjoyed excellent economic treatment, and were given more opportunities and occasions than the previous dynasty. On the one hand, this kind of thick encounter led to the emergence of a group of bureaucrats and officials who took state affairs as their own responsibility and dared to act in times of national disaster. On the other hand, the Song Dynasty officials tend to diversify their economic sources. In the Song Dynasty, the imperial clan was always strictly guarded against, not allowing it to gain real power, but to pay for its substantial material benefits. In order to attract more people to subdue, the Song Dynasty gave preferential treatment in politics and economy. The emperors of the Song Dynasty mostly worshipped religion, and the reward for the monastery Taoism often reflected the emperor's attitude and policy towards religion, and played a certain guiding role in the development of religion. The remarkable change of material reward in Song Dynasty reflected the development of society and the change of times. A number of changes in reward standards comply with the needs of the times and become the driving force of social and economic development. The great progress of social economy is the material foundation of the Song Dynasty to carry out the reward, and the "three redundancy" situation and the poor financial situation have become the constraints affecting its development. Since the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, the government began to restrict the scale of material reward. Material reward occupies an important position in the political and economic life of the Song Dynasty. It strengthens the autocratic monarchy, consolidates the foundation of feudal rule, promotes the prosperity of social economy and promotes the development of science and technology culture. However, there are still many drawbacks in the material reward of Song Dynasty. The unfair reward and punishment, the heavier reward than the punishment is the biggest problem, and the imperfect system is the important reason for the malpractice, which brings a series of adverse consequences and influences to the society of the Song Dynasty.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：K244

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本文編號：1911423