本文選題：清軍 + 難以攻克��； 參考：《中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院研究生院》2011年博士論文

【摘要】：乾隆朝兩次金川戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)歷時(shí)久、戰(zhàn)況慘烈、耗資巨大,對(duì)清代乃至后世產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為這兩次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)得不償失,也有學(xué)者將其視為清王朝由盛轉(zhuǎn)衰的標(biāo)志。也正因此,大小金川戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)問(wèn)題從來(lái)都不是一個(gè)冷僻的問(wèn)題,自清代迄今,有不少人對(duì)其進(jìn)行研究。然而,長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),人們多以《清高宗實(shí)錄》、《平定金川方略》、《平定兩金川方略》等官書及少量地方志為依托,主要著眼于描繪兩次金川戰(zhàn)役的過(guò)程和結(jié)果,以及從清廷的立場(chǎng)出發(fā)討論大小金川戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的性質(zhì)、影響等問(wèn)題。因而,為何清軍難以攻克大小金川的問(wèn)題尚無(wú)學(xué)者進(jìn)行專門研究,即便偶有涉及,亦不過(guò)泛泛而論。 有鑒于此,本文嘗試運(yùn)用文獻(xiàn)與田野相結(jié)合的研究方法,對(duì)清軍難以攻克大小金川的主客觀原因進(jìn)行深入的探析,即以有關(guān)官書為向?qū)?以《金川檔》、《軍機(jī)處錄副奏折》、《宮中檔朱批奏折》、《宮中檔乾隆朝奏折》、《清宮珍藏海蘭察滿漢文奏折匯編》等相關(guān)檔案為基礎(chǔ),并結(jié)合田野調(diào)查資料,著力探究清軍難以攻克大小金川的多重原因。就客觀因素而言,金川地區(qū)險(xiǎn)惡的地形、堅(jiān)固的戰(zhàn)碉、惡劣的氣候、彪悍善戰(zhàn)且同心誓死的番眾均給清軍的軍需運(yùn)輸及戰(zhàn)事進(jìn)程帶來(lái)巨大的阻遏,使得數(shù)萬(wàn)乃至近十萬(wàn)官兵長(zhǎng)期陷入進(jìn)退兩難的境地。就主觀因素而論,首先,乾隆皇帝在對(duì)大小金川不甚了解的情況下倉(cāng)促出兵,并且,每次出兵前均嚴(yán)重低估了作戰(zhàn)難度,這不僅給清軍的后勤運(yùn)輸造成巨大壓力,還直接影響了清軍在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)前期的進(jìn)剿效率;其次,將弁措置不當(dāng)且相互間失和則直接給清軍進(jìn)剿帶來(lái)諸多失誤,結(jié)果既影響士氣,又嚴(yán)重阻礙了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)進(jìn)程;最后,作為清軍主力的綠營(yíng)官兵怯懦畏戰(zhàn),紀(jì)律渙散,而作為清軍重要補(bǔ)充力量的從征土兵又不足倚恃,這使得大批清軍在與強(qiáng)悍善戰(zhàn)的大小金川番人進(jìn)行對(duì)抗時(shí),屢屢受挫,甚至不戰(zhàn)而潰。 從上面對(duì)清軍難以攻克大小金川之主客觀原因的梳理中可以看到,大小金川番人之所以能夠以寡敵眾,實(shí)與其占盡天時(shí)地利且擅長(zhǎng)山地戰(zhàn)有莫大關(guān)系,而清軍人數(shù)雖眾、糧餉和武器亦足,卻極大受制于作戰(zhàn)區(qū)復(fù)雜、惡劣的環(huán)境,以致難以迅速克敵制勝,與此同時(shí),乾隆皇帝和清軍將領(lǐng)的諸多失誤,及兵丁之怯懦畏戰(zhàn),均不利于清軍有效展開各項(xiàng)軍事行動(dòng),從而阻礙了戰(zhàn)事進(jìn)程。正是這些主客觀因素交互作用,使得大批清軍難以攻克兩金川。 在分析清軍難以攻克大小金川的主客觀原因的基礎(chǔ)上,我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),這兩次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)背后還蘊(yùn)著藏的一些深層次問(wèn)題。首先,第一次金川戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的爆發(fā),是清廷和大金川土司在土司爭(zhēng)奪地盤的問(wèn)題上存在著很難調(diào)和的矛盾之結(jié)果。其次,交戰(zhàn)雙方在作戰(zhàn)理念上判然有別。再次,在第一次金川戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中,清軍處處屢屢受挫實(shí)則暴露了當(dāng)時(shí)國(guó)家機(jī)器存在著許多弊端。最后,清軍能夠打贏第二次金川戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),反映了當(dāng)時(shí)國(guó)家機(jī)器具有較強(qiáng)的調(diào)適能力和運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)效率。
[Abstract]:The two Jinchuan war of the Qianlong Dynasty has lasted for a long time, the war situation is terrible, the cost is huge, and it has a profound influence on the Qing Dynasty and later generations. Some scholars believe that the two wars are not worth the loss, and some scholars regard it as the symbol of the Qing Dynasty from prosperity and decline. There are a lot of people studying it. However, for a long time, people have been mainly focusing on describing the process and results of the two Jinchuan battles and discussing the nature and influence of the war of Jinchuan from the standpoint of the Qing court, based on the "Qing Gao Zong record", "the Jinchuan general plan", "the two Jinchuan plan" and a small number of local chronicles. Therefore, why the Qing army has difficulty in conquering the problem of large and small Jinchuan has yet to be studied by scholars.
In view of this, this article tries to make a thorough analysis of the subjective and objective reasons for the Qing army, which is difficult to conquer the size of Jinchuan, with the combination of literature and field, that is, the relevant official books are guided by the relevant official books, with the "Jinchuan file", "the military office recording Deputy Memorial", "the palace middle file Zhu batch", the palace middle file Qianlong Dynasty Memorial, and the Qing palace treasures the full Han Wen Memorial. On the basis of related files such as assembler > and other related files, and combining field investigation data, we try to explore the multiple reasons that the Qing army is difficult to conquer the size of Jinchuan. In terms of objective factors, the dangerous terrain in the Jinchuan region, the sturdy battles, the harsh climate, the fierce fighting and the same heart vow to the death of the army all repressed the military transportation and war process of the Qing army. It made tens of thousands and nearly one hundred thousand soldiers in a dilemma for a long time. On the subjective basis, first of all, Emperor Qian Long hurried out troops under the circumstances of small and large Jinchuan, and had seriously underestimated the difficulty of the war before each soldier, which not only caused great pressure to the Qing army, but also had a direct impact on the army in the war. In the early period, the efficiency of the suppression and suppression of the campaign was made. Secondly, mishandling and disagreement with each other brought many mistakes directly to the Qing army. The result not only affected the morale, but also seriously hindered the process of war; finally, the green camp officers and soldiers, as the main force of the Qing army, were cowardly and in the awe and laxity of discipline. A large number of Qing troops have been frustrated and even defeated without confrontation when fighting against the powerful and brave Jinchuan people.
It can be seen from the objective reason that the Qing army is difficult to conquer the main reason of the size of the Jinchuan. The reason why the size of the Jinchuan people can have a great relationship with the enemies of the enemy, which is very strong and good at the mountain war, is very difficult for the Qing army, although the numbers of the army, the rate of grain and the weapons are also very difficult. At the same time, many mistakes made by Emperor Qian Long and the generals of the Qing army and the timid and cowardly war of soldiers were not conducive to the effective deployment of military operations by the Qing army, which hindered the process of war. It was the interaction of these subjective and objective factors that made it difficult for a large number of Qing troops to attack the two Jinchuan.
On the basis of the analysis of the subjective and objective reasons why the Qing army is difficult to conquer the size of Jinchuan, we will find that there are some deep problems hidden behind the two wars. First, the outbreak of the first Jinchuan war is the result of the difficult and reconciled contradiction between the Qing court and the big Jinchuan toast in the Tusi scramble for the territory. Secondly, the double war double. Again, in the first Jinchuan war, in the first Jinchuan war, the Qing army was repeatedly frustrated that there were many drawbacks in the state machine at that time. Finally, the Qing army was able to win the second Jinchuan war, reflecting the strong adjustment and efficiency of the state machine at that time.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院研究生院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K249.3

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前2條

1 陳潘;;康區(qū)土司制度研究綜述[J];四川民族學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào);2012年05期

2 王安;;清代殘疾軍人撫恤制度述略[J];蘭臺(tái)世界;2014年18期

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本文編號(hào)：1894405