本文選題：唐代 + 南方　； 參考：《南開大學》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：唐代是我國歷史發(fā)展進程中最為重要的階段之一，正是在此時期，南方地區(qū)開始了經(jīng)濟、社會、文化的大發(fā)展，南方在全國的地位愈加重要。唐代文士也因制度性因素和社會性因素的影響，向南方行進，往返于兩京與南方之間。在他們在南方行旅的過程中，隨著對南方自然、人文了解的深入，在認知和適應南方生活的同時，也在編織著一幅幅美麗的南方生態(tài)圖景。 唐代文士的南方生態(tài)意象，是在繼承前代典型南方意象基礎之上形成的，因而我們首先要探討先唐時期人們對南方的認知狀況。由于南北在自然、人文上的差異，而當時北方是華夏文化的中心所在，因而他們以北方的標準來評價南方，從而形成諸如“南方卑濕”、“南方多蟲毒”、“南方多瘴”及“南方佳山水”等典型的南方意象。同時，我們通過對“橘化為枳”故事的分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)，古代人們的地理觀念取決于其所接受之文本知識及其對現(xiàn)實生態(tài)環(huán)境的認知，并伴隨著二者的變化而改變。 依據(jù)唐人的南北地理觀念以及對各地自然、文化區(qū)域的認識，將南方劃分為淮南、江南、江西、荊襄、湘中、巴蜀、嶺南、閩中、黔中等九個分區(qū)；以區(qū)域為單位，對唐代宦游文士關(guān)于各地的描述進行具體分析，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)文士對南方各地的生態(tài)認識不盡相同，這在一定程度上影響了華夏社會對南方社會的認同程度。以氣候為例，他們雖然仍堅持中原為天下之中、氣候得四方之正，但對江南氣候以為“無江南兮江北”，甚至認為揚州之氣候也得四方之正；但對偏遠如嶺南、黔中的氣候依舊是相當排斥。唐代，南方各地山水被發(fā)現(xiàn)、廣名，這反映了文士對南方深入了解，他們不僅在欣賞山水，也早已融入其中，成為當?shù)鼐坝^重要的人文因素。尤其是他們的行為和作品，對唐代社會之南方意象的改變有著重要的推動作用，人們了解到南方并非總是炎瘴蟲毒，也有青山綠水、名花奇果、珍禽異獸。 文士們在向南方移動過程中，由于陌生的自然和人文環(huán)境，面臨著來自交通、醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生、居住環(huán)境等各方面的挑戰(zhàn)。在交通方面，陸路行旅不僅要翻山越嶺，還要面對來自虎豹蛇蟲的動物的攻擊；水路行旅則要時刻警惕著大風巨浪的襲擊、還要躲避險灘，以及大型水生動物的傷害；為了旅途的安全，當旅行者來到一個地方常要祭拜當?shù)氐纳耢`，以求庇佑。在醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生方面，由于醫(yī)療條件較差，缺醫(yī)少藥，，士人們不得不通過自身或群體的努力來應對疾病；從應對形式上來說，有養(yǎng)生、防御、治療三種方式；從藥物資源的獲取上來說，有采藥、種藥、買藥、受贈或索要四種途徑；而醫(yī)方則有醫(yī)書上的醫(yī)方和自己收集的驗方兩種。在居住環(huán)境方面，“南方卑濕”的觀念發(fā)生了重大的變化，不僅與“夭折”想剝離，而且文士們認識到南方也有高厚清爽之地、健康長壽之人；在適應南方居住環(huán)境的同時，他們也通過自己的努力試圖改善南方地區(qū)的居住環(huán)境，如對茅屋的改造等；在面對南方山區(qū)獨有的“巢居”時，他們的認識隨著自己境遇和情感變化而有所改變，徘徊在理想與現(xiàn)實之間。 宦游文士作為華夏社會的代表，在南方各地不斷移動，他們認知南方自然、人文的過程，也是南方社會逐步華夏化的過程；他們克服所遇到各種生存、生活困難的過程，正是南北文化交融和碰撞的過程。
[Abstract]:The Tang Dynasty was one of the most important stages in the course of the development of China's history. It was in this period that the southern region began the economic, social and cultural development, and the South's status in the country became more important. The literati of the Tang Dynasty also moved south between the two Beijing and the South because of the institutional and social factors. In the course of the travel, with the deep understanding of nature and humanity in the south, while recognizing and adapting to the life of the south, it is also weaving a beautiful southern ecological picture.
The southern ecological image of the literati in the Tang Dynasty was formed on the basis of the typical southern imagery before inheriting. Therefore, we should first discuss the cognition of the south in the first Tang Dynasty. Because of the difference between the north and the south in nature and the humanities, the North was the center of the Chinese culture at that time, so they evaluated the south by the standard of the north. At the same time, through the analysis of the story of "orange to orange", we find that the ancient people's geographical concept depends on the knowledge of the text accepted by the people and their understanding of the real ecological environment. The change of the two changes.
According to the northern and southern geographical concept of the Tang people, as well as the understanding of the natural and cultural areas in various places, the south is divided into nine divisions in Huainan, Jiangnan, Jiangxi, Jingxiang, Hunan, Bashu, south of the Five Ridges, Fujian and Guizhou, and the specific analysis of the literature of the officials of the officials of the Tang Dynasty by the literati in the Tang Dynasty can be found. In a certain degree, this has influenced the recognition of the Chinese society to the southern society to a certain extent. As an example, they still insist that the central plains are in the middle of the world, the climate is four square, but the climate of the south of the Yangtze River is "no river north" and even the climate of Yangzhou. But it is far from south of the Five Ridges and central Guizhou. The climate was still quite exclusive. In the Tang Dynasty, the mountains and rivers were found and widely known in the south. This reflects the scholars' understanding of the south. They not only appreciate the landscape, but have also become an important human factor in the local landscape, especially their behavior and works, which have an important impetus to the change of the southern image of the Tang Dynasty. Role, people understand that the south is not always toxic miasma, but also has green hills and green waters, famous flowers and rare fruits, rare birds and animals.
In the course of moving to the south, the scholars are confronted with the challenges of traffic, health, and the living environment, due to the strange natural and humanistic environment. In traffic, the land travel is not only going over the mountains and over the mountains, but also facing the attacks from the animals of the tiger leopard. To avoid the dangerous shoals and the harm of large aquatic animals; for the safety of the journey, when travellers come to a place to worship the local gods, in order to protect them, in medical health, because of poor medical conditions, lack of medicine and medicine, people have to deal with the disease through their own or group efforts; from the form of coping, There are three ways of keeping health, defending, and treating. From the acquisition of drug resources, there are four ways of taking medicine, planting medicine, buying medicine, receiving or asking for it, while the medical side has the doctors on medical books and two kinds of tests that they collect. In the living environment, the concept of "humid South" has undergone significant changes, not only to be stripped from "death", but in the living environment. The scholars have realized that the South also has a thick and refreshing place and a healthy and long - lived person. While adapting to the living environment in the south, they also try to improve the living environment in the south, such as the transformation of the huts, and so on. In the face of the unique "nest" in the southern mountains, their understanding is with their own circumstances and feelings. Change and change, wandering between ideal and reality.
As the representative of the Chinese society, the scholars of the official travel are moving in the southern part of the south. They recognize the nature of the South and the process of humanity. They are also the process of the gradual development of the southern society. The process of overcoming the various survival and difficulties of life is the process of blending and colliding between the north and the South cultures.

【學位授予單位】：南開大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：X171;K242

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