本文選題：明代 + 九邊　； 參考：《東北師范大學》2005年博士論文

【摘要】：張廷玉本《明史》呈現兩種九邊說法并存的局面。其中《地理志》九邊說法繼承王鴻緒本《明史稿》而來,而后者又繼承萬斯同本《明史·地理志》而來,而萬斯同本《明史·地理志》繼承明代許論《九邊圖論》九邊說法演變脈絡。張廷玉本《明史·兵志》九邊說法為《明史》各版本所獨有,實直接繼承明代魏煥《皇明九邊考》九邊說法演變脈絡。《九邊圖論》與《皇明九邊考》兩種九邊說法,分別遵循地理意義與軍事制度意義而書寫,成為明代兩種影響最大的九邊說法,兩種說法的共同局限是缺乏對于軍鎮(zhèn)建置標志的探討。但此外,明清時期尚流傳其他八種九邊說法。 北邊大將鎮(zhèn)守制度下,將領鎮(zhèn)守一方、自主行動、便宜行事、軍法從事,并且綜治軍民,實際上便具有節(jié)制都司衛(wèi)所的權力,形成軍政合一的鎮(zhèn)守模式,從而為九邊總兵鎮(zhèn)守制度開創(chuàng)了制度淵源。塞王守邊制度在繼承大將鎮(zhèn)守制度的基礎上,不僅發(fā)展了地理格局,從而在北邊形成九處核心重地的格局,為九邊總兵鎮(zhèn)守制度奠定了地理格局。而且大將鎮(zhèn)守制度因緣于塞王守邊制度的到來,逐漸發(fā)生轉變,開始偏重以中級將領鎮(zhèn)守較小區(qū)域,基本已演為九邊總兵鎮(zhèn)守制度形式。二者從而構成了九邊總兵鎮(zhèn)守制度的制度淵源與地理基礎。 總兵鎮(zhèn)守制度在元代已有萌芽,大將鎮(zhèn)守制度在一定程度上即是此種形式,但至洪武晚期,開始明確以總兵官作為將領職任,固定鎮(zhèn)守一地,從而逐漸形成九邊總兵鎮(zhèn)守制度�？偙�(zhèn)守制度節(jié)制都司衛(wèi)所,鎮(zhèn)守一方、自主行動、便宜行事、軍法從事,并且在軍事行動方面具有控制布、按二司的權力,此外,總兵官尚可督理錢糧,從而在一定程度上實行軍政合一模式。九邊諸鎮(zhèn)自東而西依次為遼東鎮(zhèn)、薊州鎮(zhèn)、宣府鎮(zhèn)、大同鎮(zhèn)、山西鎮(zhèn)、延綏鎮(zhèn)、陜西鎮(zhèn)、寧夏鎮(zhèn)與固原鎮(zhèn)。若以建置時間排序,分別為甘肅鎮(zhèn)、寧夏鎮(zhèn)、宣府鎮(zhèn)、大同鎮(zhèn)、遼東鎮(zhèn)、薊州鎮(zhèn)、延綏鎮(zhèn)、陜西鎮(zhèn)與山西鎮(zhèn)。其中薊州鎮(zhèn)于嘉靖時期分出昌平鎮(zhèn)、保定鎮(zhèn),陜西鎮(zhèn)于萬歷時期分出臨洮鎮(zhèn),但并未對九邊格局形成大的影響,故而仍然延續(xù)九邊舊稱�？偙孤汅w系逐漸呈現地方化、制度化的趨勢,相應逐漸滲透、虛化都司衛(wèi)所制度,兩種制度遂呈現逐漸合一的趨勢,但終明一代,仍然維持兩種制度并存的格局。明前期,明朝主要通過宦官鎮(zhèn)守制度制約總兵鎮(zhèn)守制度,從而形成內外相制格局。 洪熙時期,明朝開始于軍鎮(zhèn)建立參贊制度。宣德以后,鑒于屯田制度逐漸廢壞,總兵職任體系與宦官職任體系多有不法,遂逐漸于九邊設置巡撫,管理糧餉、監(jiān)察官員、聽理詞訟,故而,宣德后期至嘉靖初期,九邊遂呈現三節(jié)帥格局。巡撫的設置,在增重九邊權力的同時,分割了總兵官管理糧餉、聽理詞訟之權,從而在軍鎮(zhèn)內部形成軍政分離模式,但軍鎮(zhèn)整體仍為軍政合一模式,而且軍鎮(zhèn)對于腹里文官體制的控制增強。嘉靖中期以后,九邊軍鎮(zhèn)體制進入以文統(tǒng)武格局�？偠綄崬榧訌姼� 鎮(zhèn)聯系、統(tǒng)合一鎮(zhèn)之權所設,故而節(jié)制多鎮(zhèn),節(jié)制巡撫與總兵官,從而一方面集合了分散的軍鎮(zhèn)權力,另一方面卻無法具體管理諸鎮(zhèn),軍鎮(zhèn)具體事務仍基本由巡撫與總兵官負責,仍然維持軍鎮(zhèn)內部制約機制,從而成為九邊不至坐大的因素之一。 故而,九邊是明朝自洪武至嘉靖年間,為防御蒙古、防衛(wèi)京師,并隨著邊防內地化進程的發(fā)展而最終完成的,以總兵鎮(zhèn)守制度為標志,由巡撫制度、總督制度進一步完善的九處軍事重鎮(zhèn)。
[Abstract]:Zhang Tingyu, "Ming history >" presents the coexistence of two kinds of nine sides. Among them, the nine sides of geography inherit Wang Hongxu's manuscript of Ming history, and the latter inherit Wan Shi Tong's book of Ming history. The nine side, which is unique to the various versions of the Ming history, directly inherits the evolution vein of the Ming Dynasty Wei Hwan, the imperial nine side examination, and the nine sides of the Ming Dynasty. The nine sides chart theory and the imperial nine side examination two kinds of nine sides, respectively follow the geographical meaning and the military system meaning respectively, and become the two most influential nine sides of the Ming Dynasty, and the common limitations of two statements are lack. However, there were eight other nine sides in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Under the northern side of the grand commanding system, the generals keep one side, act independently, act well, engage in military law, and take a comprehensive treatment of the army and the people. In fact, they have the power to control all the guards, and form a mode of keeping the army and politics together, thus creating the system origin for the nine side army. Not only has developed the geographical pattern, thus formed the nine core heavy ground pattern in the north, and laid a geographical pattern for the nine side of the general army's calm system. Moreover, the system of the great general is due to the arrival of the defensive system of the king of stopper, gradually changing, and began to weigh the middle generals to keep the smaller area, and basically has been the form of the nine side army. The two constitute the origin and geographical basis of the nine side commanders' guarding system.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the system of commanding forces had sprout in the Yuan Dynasty. To a certain extent, the system of the general assembly was a certain form. However, to the late Hongwu Period, the general army officer as a general was defined as a general, and the system of nine side troops was gradually formed. The law is engaged in, and has the control cloth in military action, the power of two divisions, in addition, the general officer still can manage to manage the money and grain, thus to some extent carry out the mode of military and political integration. The nine towns from the East and West are in turn Liaodong town, Ji Zhou Town, Xuanfu Town, Datong Town, Shanxi Town, Yan Sui Town, Shaanxi Town, Ningxia town and Guyuan town. Gansu Town, Ningxia Town, Xuanfu Town, Datong Town, Liaodong Town, Ji Zhou Town, Yan Sui Town, Shaanxi town and Shanxi town. In the Jiajing period, the town of Changping, Baoding and Shaanxi separated from Lintao town in the Wanli period, but it did not have a big influence on the nine side pattern, so it still continued the nine sides. Gradually, the trend of local and institutionalized, the corresponding gradual infiltration, the deficiency of the system of all two kinds of systems, then the trend of the gradual convergence of the system, but the last Ming Dynasty, still maintain the pattern of the coexistence of the two systems. The Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty mainly through the eunuch system of calm system, thus forming a pattern of internal and external system.
In the period of the Hong hee period, the Ming Dynasty began to establish the counsellor system in Yu Jun town. After Xuan De, in view of the gradual abolition of the system of Tun Tian, the system of office and office and eunuchs system had many illegality, and then the governor was set up on the nine side, the administration of the pay, the supervision of officials, and the hearing of the words, so the nine side showed three handsome patterns. At the same time, at the same time of increasing the power of the ninth weight, the army officers were divided into the management of the wages and the right to listen to the lawsuit, thus forming a military and political separation model within the army Town, but the whole army and town was still a mode of military and political integration, and the army town strengthened the control of the civil service system in the abdomen. After the mid period of the Jiajing, the nine military towns system entered the pattern of military and military affairs. Strengthen each
The town connection and the power of the one town were set up. Therefore, many towns were controlled, and the governors and officers were tempered. On the one hand, the decentralized army town power was assembled. On the other hand, the town was not managed in detail. The specific affairs of the army and town were still in charge of the governor and the chief officer, and still maintained the internal restraint mechanism of the military town, thus becoming the nine side. 1.
Therefore, the nine side is the nine side of the Ming Dynasty from Hong Wu to Jiajing during the period of the Ming Dynasty. In order to defend Mongolia and defend the Beijing teachers, and with the development of the border defense process in the border area, the Ming Dynasty was finally completed with the development of the border defense process. The nine military heavy towns were further perfected by the governor system and the governor system.

【學位授予單位】：東北師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2005
【分類號】：K248

【引證文獻】

相關期刊論文 前6條

1 楊曉剛;;明代固原鎮(zhèn)的關境研究[J];寧夏師范學院學報;2012年01期

2 楊建林;;關于明代寧夏鎮(zhèn)建鎮(zhèn)時間的新認識[J];內蒙古師范大學學報(哲學社會科學版);2012年05期

3 張松梅;;明初軍額考[J];齊魯學刊;2006年02期

4 王琳峰;張玉坤;;明宣府鎮(zhèn)城的建置及其演變[J];史學月刊;2010年11期

5 王越;;明代北方邊鎮(zhèn)驛站選址初探[J];小城鎮(zhèn)建設;2007年05期

6 李大海;;明代九邊延綏巡撫始設與轄區(qū)新探[J];中國邊疆史地研究;2012年04期

相關會議論文 前2條

1 劉珊珊;;明長城居庸關防區(qū)軍事聚落防御性研究[A];《中國長城博物館》2011年第4期[C];2012年

2 劉珊珊;;明長城居庸關防區(qū)軍事聚落防御性研究(續(xù)) 第五章 明居庸關防區(qū)軍事聚落防御性空間探析[A];《中國長城博物館》2012年第1期[C];2012年

相關博士學位論文 前8條

1 劉珊珊;明長城居庸關防區(qū)軍事聚落防御性研究[D];天津大學;2011年

2 王颯;中國傳統(tǒng)聚落空間層次結構解析[D];天津大學;2012年

3 王琳峰;明長城薊鎮(zhèn)軍事防御性聚落研究[D];天津大學;2012年

4 范傳南;明代九邊京運年例銀及其經管研究[D];東北師范大學;2011年

5 劉迪香;民國北京政府時期省區(qū)軍政體制研究[D];湖南師范大學;2011年

6 吳超;13至19世紀寧夏平原農牧業(yè)開發(fā)研究[D];西北師范大學;2007年

7 李嚴;明長城“九邊”重鎮(zhèn)軍事防御性聚落研究[D];天津大學;2007年

8 馬靜茹;明代宣大總督研究[D];中央民族大學;2013年

相關碩士學位論文 前10條

1 張惠玲;張雨及其《全陜邊政考》研究[D];西北民族大學;2010年

2 許作海;魏煥《皇明九邊考》研究[D];西北民族大學;2010年

3 高艷;余子俊及其在延綏鎮(zhèn)邊防中的作用[D];內蒙古大學;2011年

4 董旭;宣化古城與歷史建筑[D];河北師范大學;2011年

5 趙玉珍;明清時期長城沿線回民聚落的變遷[D];中央民族大學;2011年

6 朱然;明代保定達官研究[D];中央民族大學;2011年

7 曹術智;明代巡撫與中央政府關系探究[D];云南大學;2011年

8 楊文彬;明朝薊鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)所及其人員生活狀況研究[D];蘇州科技學院;2011年

9 葛天任;環(huán)列府州，，綱維布置[D];清華大學;2010年

10 王力;明長城大同鎮(zhèn)軍事聚落整體性研究[D];天津大學;2012年

本文編號：1890248