本文選題：魏晉南北朝 + 南方��； 參考：《南開大學》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：自從有人類以來,居民就與其生態(tài)環(huán)境構成了有機的統(tǒng)一體,居民在一定的生態(tài)環(huán)境中生活,環(huán)境在居民的參與下進行演化。本文嘗試用這種觀點對魏晉南北朝時期南方生態(tài)環(huán)境下的居民及其生活進行考察：及考察當時南方的生態(tài)環(huán)境對于居民及其生活的作用和影響,同時也考察居民的生產生活對環(huán)境的作用和影響,以期能對魏晉南北朝時期南方的居民生活做出新的解讀。 魏晉南北朝時期南方的生態(tài)環(huán)境由自然的生態(tài)環(huán)境與人工改造過的生態(tài)環(huán)境組成。自然的生態(tài)環(huán)境即自然形成并且依照其內在規(guī)律演化的環(huán)境,人工改造過的生態(tài)環(huán)境是人對自然改造后形成的生態(tài)環(huán)境。當時自然的生態(tài)環(huán)境總體呈現(xiàn)為：氣候以濕熱為主,地貌多樣,水體豐富,河流眾多,森林覆蓋率高,動物種類繁多,數量眾多。人工改造過的生態(tài)環(huán)境主要包括農田、水利設施、運河、人工培植的樹木園林與牧養(yǎng)的牲畜。當時自然的生態(tài)環(huán)境比重遠遠大于人工改造過的生態(tài)環(huán)境。這種狀況對其居民展現(xiàn)出機遇與挑戰(zhàn)的雙重面貌,一方面以其廣闊的空間、溫暖的氣候、豐富的水體和動植物,為居民生產生活提供了優(yōu)越的生態(tài)環(huán)境與生態(tài)資源,另一方面,其眾多的山地丘陵、茂密的森林和潮濕的氣候,又給當時的居民生產生活造成了很大困難。但從總體上看,人與自然的關系是協(xié)調的,人在適應與改造其環(huán)境中獲得了發(fā)展,而自然依舊保持著良好的狀態(tài)與內外部平衡。 魏晉南北朝時期南方居民狀況頗為復雜：人口數量與分布處于劇烈變化與分布不平衡的狀態(tài),居民來源包括土著居民與南遷移民；他們分屬漢族與眾多少數民族；這一時期形成了世族大地主與依附民兩個新的階層。這種狀況的形成,除了復雜的歷史社會原因而外,也與當時的生態(tài)環(huán)境有著密切關系。 魏晉南北朝時期南方的居民生活具有明顯的時代特色、地域特色、社團特色與發(fā)展變化特色。這種狀況的形成,除了社會歷史原因而外,還與當時生態(tài)環(huán)境及其變化具有密切的關系。這主要體現(xiàn)在飲食、服飾、居住狀況、出行等四個方面。 首先是在飲食。關于食材,南方各區(qū)域的居民都能就地取材,從自然界直接獲取食物,同時人工栽培及飼養(yǎng)具有地方特色的植物、動物作為飲食資源；各地的居民也通過流通來調節(jié)互通有無；在飲食消費方面,不同地域、不同民族、不同階層的居民,都有自己的特色；在飲食的消費觀念上,他們也有所不同,這些差異,盡管有著傳統(tǒng)、階級、文化等各種原因,但都與各自具體所處的生態(tài)環(huán)境有關。 其次是服飾。魏晉南北朝時期南方的服飾,依其所用的衣料與使用人數的規(guī)模及范圍,依次分為麻類、蠶絲類、棉類、葛蕉竹樹皮類飾和鳥類羽毛服飾等五類。這與居民各自自然環(huán)境密切相關：首先是取材于當地服飾材料資源,其次與當地的氣候有關。魏晉南北朝時期南方地區(qū)所產的飾品主要由珍珠、翠羽、犀角、玳瑁等為原材料制成,以其數量稀少,所產具有地域限制珍貴�？傊�,南方的服飾使用,盡管因民族、階級而有所不同,但它們都具有鮮明的地方特色,這在很大程度上與當地的氣候條件及自然資源有關。 再次是居所。這一時期少數民族的居住建筑以干欄為主,在山區(qū)、水域高低各有差異；在吳越、交廣、荊楚巴蜀各區(qū),形制稍有差異。漢族民居在形制、建材使用中,體現(xiàn)出階級差別：皇室專用山區(qū)的貴重木材為木結構宮殿；世家大族所居則多為土木結構的瓦屋,形制較為多樣；平民則多居于用以竹類、茅草建造的草屋；修道、隱逸之人也有居石室洞窟者。居所范圍再擴大便是聚落,莊園與城市是聚落的不同形式：莊園為世族及其依附民提供生產生活場所；城市本為防御和交易而建,后來成為當地的政治經濟文化中心。這一時期南方的民居、聚落和城市都帶有明顯的地方自然環(huán)境特色。 最后是出行。南方的交通環(huán)境具有地方特色,北方多陸路,南方多水路。不同地域的交通工具不同,山地多乘坐牲畜,水路則主要是船與竹筏。嶺南地區(qū)所造之船與北方、江南大有不同。交通設施方面,則逆旅興盛。此時南方居民出行途中比北方危險更多,水路易遭船覆水溺,山路多有毒動植物。因而產生了相應的醫(yī)藥知識與文化策略,特別是《抱樸子·登涉篇》,詳細記載南方出行所遇環(huán)境危險,及解決方法,不僅是修道人士必備,而且也為一般民眾所依賴。這一切,固然帶有社會、文化色彩,但也無不與生態(tài)環(huán)境相關。 從以上衣食住行等方面可以看到,魏晉南北朝時南方居民的生活,既有豐富多彩的一面,也有險境叢生的一面,這是南方自然環(huán)境對當地居民的雙重贈與。而居民們除了從中直接獲益,同時也在不斷發(fā)揮主觀能動性去適應、改造自然,以得到更好的生活。這個適應—改造的過程,同時也是開發(fā)自然、發(fā)展經濟的過程,這為唐宋以后南方地區(qū)的繁榮發(fā)展,奠定了堅實的基礎。
[Abstract]:Since human beings, residents have formed organic unity with their ecological environment, the residents live in a certain ecological environment, and the environment evolves under the participation of the residents. This article tries to examine the residents and their lives in the southern and Southern Dynasties in the Wei, Jin, northern and Southern Dynasties, and examine the ecological ring of the south. In order to make a new interpretation of the life of the people in the southern and Northern Dynasties of the Wei, Jin and the southern and Northern Dynasties, the role and influence of the territory to the residents and their lives were also investigated.
The ecological environment in the southern and Northern Dynasties of the Wei, Jin, northern and Southern Dynasties consists of natural ecological environment and artificial reformed ecological environment. The natural ecological environment is formed naturally and evolves in accordance with its inherent laws. The artificial reformed ecological environment is a natural environment formed by human transformation after natural transformation. The natural ecological environment was generally presented at that time. The climate is mainly wet and hot, the landscape is diverse, the water is rich, the river is numerous, the forest coverage is high, the species of animals are varied and the quantity is large. The artificial ecological environment is mainly farmland, water conservancy facilities, canals, artificial cultivated trees garden and livestock. Ecological environment. This situation shows the dual features of opportunities and challenges for its residents. On the one hand, its vast space, warm climate, rich water and plants and animals provide superior ecological environment and ecological resources for the production and life of the residents. On the other hand, many hills and hills, dense forests and humid climate are also given. The production and life of the people at that time have caused great difficulties. But in general, the relationship between man and nature is coordinated. People have developed in the adaptation and transformation of their environment, while nature still maintains a good state of balance with the inside and outside.
In the period of the Wei, Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties, the situation of the southern residents was rather complicated: the population and distribution were in a state of intense change and distribution, the source of the inhabitants included the Aboriginal and the migrating immigrants; they belong to the Han nationality and the number of ethnic minorities; this period formed the two new strata of the big landlords and the attached people. In addition to complex historical and social reasons, it is closely related to the ecological environment at that time.
In the southern and Northern Dynasties, life in the southern and Northern Dynasties has obvious characteristics of the times, regional characteristics, community characteristics and characteristics of development and change. In addition to social and historical reasons, the formation of this situation is closely related to the ecological environment and its changes at that time. This is mainly reflected in four aspects, such as diet, clothing, living conditions, and travel.
The first is the food. As for the food, the residents in the southern regions can obtain the materials directly from the natural world, obtain the food directly from the natural world, and artificially cultivate and raise the plants with local characteristics, and the animals as the dietary resources; the residents in various places also regulate the exchange of exchange through circulation; in terms of food consumption, different regions, different ethnic groups and different orders. The residents of the layer have their own characteristics; they are also different in the consumption concept of the diet. These differences, although there are various reasons such as tradition, class, culture, etc., are all related to the specific ecological environment of their own.
The second is clothing. In the southern and Northern Dynasties, the southern and Northern Dynasties were divided into five categories, such as hemp, silk, cotton, kudzu, bamboo bark and bird feathers, according to the size and scope of the clothes used in the southern and Northern Dynasties. This is closely related to the natural environment of the residents: first, it is obtained from the local clothing material resources, followed by the local area. The ornaments produced in the southern and Northern Dynasties of the Wei, Jin, northern and Southern Dynasties are mainly made of pearls, kingfisher, rhinos and tortoiseshell, which are rare in quantity and are valuable in regional limitations. In a word, the clothing of the south, although different from the ethnic group and class, has distinct local characteristics, which is a great extent. It is related to local climatic conditions and natural resources.
In this period, the residential buildings of the ethnic minorities were mainly dry hurdles, in the mountain areas, and the water and height were different. In Wu Yue, the area of Jingchu and Shu Shu areas, the form system was slightly different. The Han folk dwellings in the form, the use of building materials, reflected the class difference: the precious timber of the Royal mountain area is the wooden structure palace; the family big family resides. It is mostly civil structure tile house, the form is more diverse; the common people are mostly in the bamboo type, thatched cottage built with thatched grass; the monks and the recluse people also have the stone cave grottoes. The residence scope is the settlement, the manor and the city are the different forms of settlement: the Manor provides the production and living places for the family and its dependent people; the city is protected against it. It was built and became a local political, economic and cultural center. In this period, the houses, settlements and cities in the South were characterized by a distinct local natural environment.
The transportation environment in the South has the local characteristics, the North multi land road, the South multi water road. The different transportation tools in different regions are different, the mountainous land takes the livestock, the waterway is mainly the boat and the bamboo raft. The ship made in the south of the Five Ridges area is different from the north and the south of the Yangtze River. More dangerous, waterways are prone to drowning by ships and many poisonous plants and animals. Therefore, the corresponding medical knowledge and cultural strategies are produced, especially the "hug Park", and the detailed records of the environmental hazards and solutions of south travel are not only necessary for the monks but also for the general public. All of this, of course, is a society. It is cultural, but it is also related to the ecological environment.
From the aspects of food and clothing, we can see that the life of the southern residents in the Wei, Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties is both colorful and peril, which is the dual gift of the natural environment of the south to the local residents. To a better life, the process of adaptation and transformation was also the process of developing nature and developing the economy, which laid a solid foundation for the prosperity and development of the southern region after the Tang and Song dynasties.

【學位授予單位】：南開大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：K235

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