本文選題：明清時期 + 兩湖平原��； 參考：《武漢大學(xué)》2010年博士論文

【摘要】： 中國是個傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)大國,水利是農(nóng)業(yè)的命脈。自古以來,水利就受到國家和各級地方政府的高度重視。兩湖平原水土資源大規(guī)模的開發(fā)源起于明代,一直持續(xù)至今。由于降雨豐沛,且年內(nèi)分配不均,河湖密布,地勢低洼,洪澇漬災(zāi)害頻仍,在此地發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè),防洪和排澇是必須面臨的首要的也是最大的難題。為防洪和排澇,兩湖平原的人們沿江河兩岸修筑了綿長的堤防,將江河洪水束縛于兩岸大堤之間的主河床內(nèi),并發(fā)明了獨特的農(nóng)田水利工程——垸田。垸田仰賴于垸堤,垸堤可以起到二次防洪的作用。垸田頗類似于長江下游平原的圩田,各有閘RE,可灌可排,是適宜兩湖平原獨特的地形、地貌和氣候特征的獨特農(nóng)田水利工程型式。江河堤防和垸田在兩湖平原的經(jīng)濟崛起過程中可謂功勛卓著,明中葉,“湖廣熟,天下足”的民諺已在全國范圍內(nèi)流傳開來。然而,事物總應(yīng)一分為二地看待。在總體“湖廣熟”繁榮的表象之下,實則掩蓋了環(huán)境問題。江河堤防和垸田的修筑,雖保證了豐收,卻干擾了兩湖平原河湖水系自然演變的規(guī)律,改變了泥沙的淤積規(guī)律,以前呈面狀散漫地在兩湖平原平均落淤的泥沙,則呈線狀地淤積在主河床之中。于是,江河便頻頻潰口,垸田則積水難消。當人們更加努力地堅筑江河堤防、更加完善垸子的防洪和排水功能之后,仍無法改變洪水、泥沙、地勢低洼、氣候等自然條件和自然現(xiàn)象對兩湖平原洪澇漬災(zāi)害的侵襲之時,人們被迫“飲鴆止渴”,即通過筑塞江漢各分流穴口或支河港汊以阻止洪水進入己境,如此來,江漢主河床的淤積進一步加速,河湖水系環(huán)境更加惡化,江河防洪壓力繼續(xù)加大,決口泛濫更加頻繁。兩湖平原陷入了“河湖水系生態(tài)失衡——洪澇漬災(zāi)害——以鄰為壑——河湖水系以劇變的方式尋求新的生態(tài)平衡——再破壞河湖水系的自然生態(tài)環(huán)境——洪澇漬災(zāi)害加重——再以鄰為壑”的惡性循環(huán)之中。每當人們在自然規(guī)律面前顯得無能為力時,惟一的出路就是人與人之間相互傾軋,以鄰為壑,水事糾紛不可避免。隨著人口的增加,環(huán)境壓力的增大,兩湖平原的環(huán)境愈加不堪重負,愈往后水事糾紛愈加頻繁復(fù)雜,兩湖平原的垸田經(jīng)濟發(fā)展史在相當大的程度上就是兩湖平原不同水利利益群體之間水利利益的爭斗史。 兩湖平原的水事糾紛種類繁多,如按河湖水系的自然布局和人工修筑的江河堤防劃分,可分為左右岸之間的水事糾紛、同岸上下游之間的水事糾紛、堤外洲灘與堤內(nèi)廣大平原之間的水事糾紛；如按行政區(qū)劃劃分,可分為湖北省與湖南省之間的水事糾紛,湖北省內(nèi)部各級行政區(qū)劃之間的水事糾紛；如按垸子劃分,可分為垸與垸之間的水事糾紛和垸內(nèi)水事糾紛；如按血緣劃分,可分為宗族間與非宗族間的水事糾紛；如按行業(yè)劃分,有航運業(yè)、水產(chǎn)業(yè)、種植業(yè)、商業(yè)等不同行業(yè)間的利益沖突而引發(fā)的水事糾紛；如按工程類型式劃分,可分為疏堵糾紛(或稱開塞糾紛)、圍墾糾紛、協(xié)修糾紛和排漬澇糾紛。此外,平原和山區(qū)之間也曾發(fā)生過協(xié)修糾紛。以上這些水事糾紛往往群發(fā),即交相發(fā)生,各類水事糾紛相互糾結(jié),難分彼此,某個或某類水事糾紛往往歷經(jīng)數(shù)朝數(shù)百年的時間反復(fù)地長期地發(fā)生,足見兩湖平原水事糾紛的密集程度和復(fù)雜程度。 面對如此密集和復(fù)雜的水事糾紛,欲理出頭緒,異常困難。本文尊重水事糾紛的客觀史實,抽像出水事糾紛的共同特性——地緣特征、行政區(qū)劃特征、以鄰為壑特征和宗族血親特征；將水事糾紛按照其依托的水利工程分成四類——疏堵糾紛、圍墾糾紛、協(xié)修糾紛和排澇漬糾紛；通過查找大量文獻、檔案等資料,在弄清大量水事糾紛的基礎(chǔ)上,將兩湖平原水事糾紛中的當?shù)厝巳宏P(guān)系進行了較為切合實際的界定,即居住在同一個地緣的人們擁有共同的水利利益,他們別無選擇地(不分貴賤貧富、不計恩怨情仇、不論宗族血親)組成一個利益群體(也稱利益同盟,或稱利益共同體),此群體牢不可破、堅不可摧,共同保衛(wèi)著他們的水利利益不被他方侵害,同時,還爭取他們能獲得最大限度的水利利益；中央政府和各級地方政府是水利管理部門,享有水事糾紛協(xié)調(diào)權(quán),本應(yīng)當站在全局的高度協(xié)調(diào)水事糾紛,但由于官僚階層的管理模式和官員之間的微妙關(guān)系,或者迫于對河湖水系環(huán)境的變遷的無奈,或者是迫于民生問題,或者是迫于政治局勢等復(fù)雜的自然和社會因素,導(dǎo)致官員在協(xié)調(diào)解決水事糾紛時會有失公允。 總之,水事糾紛是兩湖平原水土資源開發(fā)到一定程度后的必然產(chǎn)物,水事糾紛的發(fā)生和發(fā)展又進一步加深了人類對兩湖平原自然河湖水系的干擾和破壞,水事糾紛勢必升級,人群關(guān)系進一步惡化,最終導(dǎo)致兩湖平原河湖生態(tài)更大程度上的破壞。如何順應(yīng)自然規(guī)律,保護好我們賴以生存的水環(huán)境,當是擺在兩湖平原人們面前永遠都不會過時的一個永恒的話題,只有在兩湖平原的人們與水環(huán)境和諧共處的基礎(chǔ)之上,才會出現(xiàn)兩湖平原各水利利益群體之間的和諧相處。
[Abstract]:China is a traditional agricultural country, water conservancy is the lifeblood of agriculture. Since ancient times, water conservancy has been highly valued by the state and local governments. The large scale development of water and soil resources in the two lakes plain has been developed in the Ming Dynasty. For the development of agriculture, flood control and drainage is the first and most difficult problem that must be faced. For flood control and drainage, the people of the two lakes have built a long embankment along the banks of the river, bound the river flood to the main riverbed between the banks of the banks of the Taiwan Straits, and invent a unique agricultural project - embankment fields. The embankment can play the role of two flood control. The embankment fields are similar to the polder in the plain of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Each has a sluice of RE, which can be irrigated and discharged. It is a unique type of farmland water conservancy suitable for the unique topography of the two Lakes Plain, the features of the geomorphology and climate. The popular proverbs have been spread throughout the country. However, things should always be divided into two parts. Under the overall "Huguang" prosperity, the environmental problems are concealed. The river embankment and the construction of the embankment fields have guaranteed the harvest, but it interferes with the natural evolution of the water system of the two lakes, and changes the sediment. The silting law, the sediment deposited in the two lakes and plain, which had been scattered in the past, was silted up in the main river bed, and the rivers were in frequent collapse and the embankment fields were hard to accumulate. When people made more efforts to build river levees and improved the functions of embankment flood control and drainage, the flood, sediment and low topography could not be changed. People were forced to "drink poison to quench thirst" when the natural conditions and natural phenomena such as depression, climate and other natural conditions and natural phenomena were forced to "drink poison to quench thirst", that is to say, the river and Han main river beds were further accelerated, the river lake system environment worsened and the flood control pressure of rivers followed. In addition, the flood of the two lakes has fallen into the "ecological imbalance of the river and lake water system - the flood and waterlogging disaster - beggar - beggar - the river lake water system is seeking a new ecological balance in a dramatic change - and then destroying the natural ecological environment of the river and lake water system - the aggravation of the flood waterlogging disaster - and then the beggar of the neighbour" The only way out is that when people are powerless in the face of the laws of nature, the only way out is that people are rolling together, beggar thy neighbour, and the water disputes are unavoidable. As the population increases, the environmental pressure increases, the environment of the two lakes and plains becomes more and more unbearable, and the more frequent and complicated the water disputes, the economy of the embankment fields in the two lakes and plains. To a large extent, the history of development is the history of struggle between water conservancy interests of different water conservancy interests groups in the two lakes plain.
There are a wide variety of water disputes in the two lakes and plains, such as the water disputes between the left and right banks, water disputes between the banks and the banks, the water disputes between the banks and the banks, and the water disputes between the banks of the banks and the vast plains of the dyke, such as the Hubei province and the Hunan province. Water disputes between the various administrative divisions within Hubei Province, such as the water disputes between the embankment and the embankment, can be divided into water disputes between embankments and embankments and water disputes within the embankment, for example, according to the blood division, it can be divided into water disputes between the clan and the non clan; for example, according to the division of the industry, there are shipping, aquaculture, planting, business and so on. Water disputes caused by conflicts of interest between industries, such as the classification of engineering types, can be divided into two categories: obstruction disputes (or plug disputes), reclamation disputes, CO repair disputes and waterlogging disputes. In addition, there have been co repair disputes between the plains and the mountains. These water disputes often occur in groups, namely, intersection and water disputes. It is difficult to get entangled with each other. One or some kind of water disputes often occur over a long period of time for hundreds of years and see the intensity and complexity of the water disputes in the two lakes and plains.
In the face of such a dense and complex water dispute, it is very difficult to get a head thread. This article respects the objective historical facts of water disputes and draws out the common characteristics of water disputes - geo characteristics, administrative divisions, beggar - beggar characteristics and clan blood characteristics; water disputes are divided into four types according to the water conservancy projects they rely on - dredging. Disputes, reclaim disputes, CO repair disputes and waterlogging disputes; by searching a large number of documents, files and other data, on the basis of a large number of water disputes, the relationship between the local people in the water disputes of the two lakes and plains is more realistic, that is, the people living on the same geographical area have common water conservancy interests. This group is unbreakable and unassailable, to defend their water interests not to be infringed by others, and to gain the maximum benefit of water conservancy; the central government. And local governments at all levels are water conservancy management departments and enjoy the right to harmonization of water disputes. It should be in the overall situation to coordinate water disputes, but due to the bureaucratic management pattern and the subtle relationship between officials, or the reluctances to the changes in the river and lake environment, or to the people's livelihood, or to the political situation. Complex natural and social factors lead officials to be unfair in coordinating water disputes.
In a word, water disputes are the inevitable product of the development of water and soil resources in two lakes plains to a certain extent. The occurrence and development of water disputes have further deepened the human interference and destruction to the natural river lake system in the two lakes plain, and the water disputes are bound to escalate, the relationship of the crowd is further deteriorated, and the ecology of the lakes and lakes in the two lakes and plains will be greater to a greater extent. How to comply with the natural law and protect the water environment that we depend on is an eternal topic that will never be out of date in front of the people of two lakes and plains. Only on the basis of the harmonious coexistence of the people and the water environment in the two lakes and plains will the harmonious coexistence between the various water conservancy interests of the two lakes and plains appear.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K248

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