本文選題：清代漕運(yùn) + 行幫��； 參考：《中國社會經(jīng)濟(jì)史研究》2013年01期

【摘要】：在專制王朝時代,相當(dāng)一段時間內(nèi),漕運(yùn)的勞動組織是通過專制政府僉派民役乃至直接使用軍隊進(jìn)行的,參與漕運(yùn)的勞動者直接或間接地承擔(dān)了漕糧運(yùn)輸?shù)娜抠M(fèi)用,是他們千方百計試圖逃避的民役和兵役。在這種勞役制度下,并不存在以雇傭勞動者為主體的漕運(yùn)水手行幫興起的歷史條件。到了清代,由于傳統(tǒng)徭役性質(zhì)的民運(yùn)、軍運(yùn)難以為繼,參與漕運(yùn)的船工水手成員相當(dāng)部分成了雇傭勞動者,與掌握漕運(yùn)主要生產(chǎn)資料——船只的軍丁官吏產(chǎn)生特殊的雇傭關(guān)系,繁重的勞動強(qiáng)度與微薄工價的尖銳矛盾、船工水手之間就業(yè)的互相競爭,到康熙年間,在漕運(yùn)水手中終于出現(xiàn)了盤根錯節(jié)的行幫組織。而羅教在漕運(yùn)頭舵水手中的廣泛傳播及其與漕運(yùn)包工雇傭制度的結(jié)合,則構(gòu)成了苦力型漕運(yùn)水手行幫組織的基本特色。
[Abstract]:In the era of the autocratic dynasty, for a considerable period of time, the labor organization of the canal transport was carried out through the despotic government's legitimate dispatch of the people and even the direct use of the army, and the workers involved in the transport of the grain directly or indirectly bore the full cost of the transportation of grain and grain. It was the civil service and military service they tried to escape. In this system of servitude, there is no historical condition for the rise of the sailor gang with wage workers as the main body. In the Qing Dynasty, because of the traditional corvee of the people's movement, the military transport was difficult to carry on, and a considerable proportion of the sailors and sailors involved in the canal transport became wage labourers, and had a special employment relationship with the military officials who had mastered the main means of production of the water transport-the ships. The sharp contradiction between the heavy labor intensity and the meagre wage, the competition between the shipmen and sailors, to the Kangxi years, finally appeared in the hands of the water transport interlocking line organizations. The widespread dissemination of Luojiao in the hands of water transportation and its combination with the employment system of water transport contractors constituted the basic characteristics of the organization of the coolie water transport sailor.
【作者單位】： 上海師范大學(xué)人文學(xué)院;
【分類號】：K249;F552.9

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