本文關(guān)鍵詞：香料與唐代社會(huì)生活，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

香料與唐代社會(huì)生活

香料與唐代社會(huì)生活

唐代政治穩(wěn)定、經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮、交通便利、對(duì)外政策寬容友好,國(guó)內(nèi)南北交流和對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)文化交流迅速發(fā)展。在唐代繁榮的社會(huì)形勢(shì)下,秦漢以來(lái)逐漸形成的香文化在唐代得到了充分發(fā)展。唐代是中國(guó)香文化發(fā)展史上不可忽視的階段,為唐以后香文化的成熟和完備奠定了基礎(chǔ)。唐代香料品種繁多,外來(lái)香料基本上都已傳入并為唐人所認(rèn)識(shí)。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)主要有沉香、紫藤香、欖香、樟腦、蘇合香、安息香、爪哇香、乳香、沒藥、丁香、青木香、廣藿香、茉莉油、玫瑰香水、郁金香、阿末香、降真香等品種。香料是唐代許多州郡的土貢產(chǎn)品,其中麝香是最為普遍的土貢產(chǎn)品。但是,大部分香料,尤其是質(zhì)量上乘的香料主要是依靠胡商在華經(jīng)營(yíng)香料貿(mào)易。因此,香料買賣市場(chǎng)在唐代一些大城市,如廣州、揚(yáng)州、南海、洛陽(yáng)初步形成。中國(guó)用香的歷史久遠(yuǎn),可以追溯到先秦時(shí)期我國(guó)先民使用天然草本植物香料。秦漢以來(lái),外來(lái)香料輸入中國(guó),薰香風(fēng)氣在上層社會(huì)流行開來(lái),人們對(duì)香料也有了進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí)。魏晉南北朝時(shí)期出現(xiàn)多種香料復(fù)合而成的合香,中國(guó)香文化在這一階段得到了初步發(fā)展。但是,隋唐之前,香料對(duì)上層社會(huì)來(lái)說(shuō)還是稀罕之物,普通官宦無(wú)緣享用。唐代,香料不只是少數(shù)上層貴族才有條件享用的稀有之物,從帝王到普通士大夫?qū)ο懔系溺姁?可以說(shuō)是到了如癡如醉的地步。香料是他們生活中不可缺少的常用物,甚至成為社會(huì)地位的象征。世俗生活方面,香料在菜肴酒釀、美容裝飾、衣服被褥、家居庭院、療病醫(yī)方都發(fā)揮了重要作用。宗教生活方面,唐代是佛教發(fā)展的繁榮階段,來(lái)自香國(guó)的佛教用香儀式被道教、祭祀所借鑒、吸收,佛、道信徒修煉、禮拜、法事活動(dòng)處處有香料的影子。其中國(guó)忌行香是唐代上層社會(huì)最主要的宗教用香活動(dòng)。到盛唐階段,隨著上層社會(huì)對(duì)異國(guó)香料的追求和佛教日益中國(guó)化、世俗化,用香之風(fēng)呈現(xiàn)下移趨勢(shì),這為宋代香料大量走進(jìn)廣大社會(huì)階層的日常生活準(zhǔn)備了條件。唐代香料不僅種類豐富、用途廣泛,而且香品制作技術(shù)有了長(zhǎng)足發(fā)展。從香品形態(tài)看,有香膏、香餅、香粉、香脂、香丸、香水；從使用策略看,有涂敷、內(nèi)服、佩戴、焚燒等。香品功用更為多樣化、細(xì)致化,而且同種用途的香品也有多種,不同的配方,其香料品種,用量都頗為講究。其中,印香、香炷是唐代香品的新潮流,隔火薰香是新的焚香方式。香料在唐代世俗生活和宗教活動(dòng)的方方面面應(yīng)用之廣,是前代無(wú)法匹敵的。這一方面豐富了唐人的物質(zhì)生活,提高了生活品質(zhì),也為唐人帶去了精神慰籍。文人在其中起了很大的推動(dòng)作用,他們不僅僅把香料作為吟詠的對(duì)象,而且將雅致、細(xì)膩的審美情趣賦予了香料唯美色彩和意象。這無(wú)疑推動(dòng)了唐代用香由物質(zhì)享受上升為精神享受。但是,香料大量進(jìn)入上層社會(huì)生活,無(wú)疑也助長(zhǎng)了唐代貴族奢侈、比富的世風(fēng)。

【Abstract】 The resson which The Tang society had made the great development,shoud owe to stable political, economic prosperity, convenient transportation and friendly foreign policy. So economic and cultural exchange developed rapidly between China and other countries. Qin and Han culture of spice had gradually been fully developed in the Tang Dynasty. Tang could not be ignored in the history of cultural development.It promoted the mature and completed culture of the Song Dynasty.Tang Dynasty had a wide variety of spices. Exotic spices had been imported and were basically known for the Chinese. Sinensis, wisteria, lam incense, camphor, styrax, benzoin, java, incense, frankincense, myrrh, cloves, green woods, patchouli, jasmine oil, rose water, tulips, Ahmad incense, incense and other spices.Spices were a number of gun Tang tribute soil products, musk was the most common product of soil tribute. But,most of the spices, especially the high quality of spices were mainly obtained by foreigner trading business in China. Therefore, the spice market shaped in the major cities in the Tang Dynasty, such as Guangzhou, Yangzhou, South China, Luoyang.The history of using spice was long in china, back to the Qin Dynasty used natural herbs spices. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, foreign spice entered China, and incense in the upper atmosphere of the community became popular, people also had a better understanding of spices. Wei had compounded all kinds of spices. Culture of spice was in the initial stages of development. However, before the Sui and Tang, spices on the upper class was still rare things, ordinary elite government officials was not shared. Spices were not only enjoyed by a small number of upper class. From the emperor to ordinary scholar’s loved the spices. Spices were common things in their life, and even become a symbol of social status.On secular life, spices had played an important role in the dishes to drink, cosmetic decoration, clothing, bedding, home garden, the medical treatment and disease.On religious life, Buddhism was developing prosperly in the Tang Dynasty, from Buddhist country with incense, incense ceremony was absored by Taoism and Sacrifice.Buddhism and Taoism’s practice, worship and ritual activities used spicesthe everywhere. In the Tang period, with the pursuit of the exotic spices of the upper class and Chinese Buddhism, incense was showing downward trend.Spices were not only variety, versatility, but also incense making techniques had come a long way. The form from the incense a perfume, incense cakes, powder, balm, Pill, perfume; from the use of view, a coating, oral, wear, incineration. Incense was more diverse functions, detailed oriented, and the same kinds of spices were also many different formulations. Among them, seal and incense stick were new trend, fire perfume is the new way of incense.Spices played an important role in many aspects of daily life of the Tang Dynasty.,which not only enriched Tang Dynasty lords’material life, but also enriched their spiritual and cultural life. Scholars have played a significant role in promoting. They not only objected of the spice as a chant, but also gave more aesthetic colors and images. It promoted the use of incense from up to the spirit of enjoyment of material comforts.But, it also contributed to nobles luxury.

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  本文關(guān)鍵詞：香料與唐代社會(huì)生活，，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。