本文選題：“新民本”思想 + 政治哲學(xué)�。� 參考：《西北師范大學(xué)》2007年碩士論文

【摘要】： 黃宗羲是明清之際最重要的思想家之一,他的“新民本”思想是對傳統(tǒng)民本思想的革新。民本思想認(rèn)為,民眾是國家的根本,民眾供養(yǎng)著統(tǒng)治者并對國家的興亡起著決定性的作用;統(tǒng)治者的政治活動必須為民眾著想,才能贏得民眾的支持,從而維持自己的統(tǒng)治。早在春秋時期,民本思想已為社會廣泛地接受了,民本思想的理論探討也隨著時代的變遷而不斷發(fā)展變化。民本思想是個完整的理論體系,表現(xiàn)在政治上是重民意,在經(jīng)濟(jì)上是重民生,在思想上是重教化。儒家的民本思想在封建專制的歷史條件下,對于制約、規(guī)范君主對民的政治行為和維護(hù)勞動人民的基本權(quán)利起了重要作用。 黃宗羲在“天崩地解”的明末清初之際論述了自己的“新民本”思想。這是在內(nèi)外政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)及至文化的劇烈沖突中,對傳統(tǒng)民本思想的突破。在他的代表作《明夷待訪錄》中,黃宗羲提出“公天下”的政治理想,指出“天下為主,君為客”的主客關(guān)系;同時為限制君主的專制權(quán)力,強(qiáng)調(diào)了學(xué)校的重要地位和作用,認(rèn)為學(xué)校還應(yīng)具有教育、監(jiān)督官吏、參政議政等功能;在法治上反對“一家之法”,提出了“有治法而后有治人”的觀念。但是,黃宗羲仍然只注重君主應(yīng)該怎么樣的道德規(guī)范,對于客觀制度的落實還是有所欠缺。 黃宗羲的“新民本”思想還不是民主思想,這在和洛克的比較中看得很明顯。洛克對于對政府之哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)做了廣泛的思考,他所整理的學(xué)說和原則,應(yīng)當(dāng)被認(rèn)為是此后控制政府各項權(quán)力的基本原則。黃宗羲新民本思想超出傳統(tǒng)民本思想的主要貢獻(xiàn)也在于“限君”,但在對比中卻顯得很薄弱。究其原因在于,中國的君主實際上是政治主權(quán)的擁有者。黃宗羲仍然囿于君主政體的框架,而沒能突破這個范式。但是也不可否認(rèn),黃宗羲對于君主專制的批判是深刻的,多方面地深化和拓展了傳統(tǒng)的民本思想。他的“新民本”思想在清末至近代的民主革命運(yùn)動中曾經(jīng)起了極其重要的作用。我們現(xiàn)在建設(shè)有中國特色社會主義民主政治,還必須根植于我國深厚的政治文化優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)之中。
[Abstract]:Huang Zongxi was one of the most important thinkers in Ming and Qing dynasties. The thought of the people is that the people are the foundation of the country, that the people support the rulers and play a decisive role in the rise and fall of the country, and that the political activities of the rulers must be considered for the people in order to win the support of the people and thus maintain their own rule. As early as the Spring and Autumn period, the people-oriented thought has been widely accepted by the society, and the theoretical discussion of the people-oriented thought has been developing and changing with the change of the times. The thought of the people is a complete theoretical system, which emphasizes public opinion in politics, people's livelihood in economy and education in thought. Under the historical condition of feudal autocracy, Confucian people-oriented thought played an important role in restricting, standardizing the monarch's political behavior towards the people and safeguarding the basic rights of the working people. At the end of Ming and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Huang Zongxi discussed his thought of "New people". This is the breakthrough of the traditional people-oriented thought in the violent conflict of internal and external politics, economy and culture. In his masterpiece, "A visit to Ming Yi", Huang Zongxi puts forward the political ideal of "public world", and points out the subject-object relationship of "the world is the main thing, the monarch is the guest", and in order to limit the monarch's autocratic power, he emphasizes the important position and function of the school. The author holds that schools should also have the functions of education, supervision of officials and participation in political affairs, and opposes the "one family law" on the rule of law, and puts forward the idea of "governing the law and then governing the people". However, Huang Zongxi still only pays attention to the moral standard of monarch, and still lacks the implementation of objective system. Huang Zongxi's New people's thought is not a democratic thought, which is obvious in comparison with Locke. Locke thought extensively about the philosophical foundation of government, and his theory and principle should be regarded as the basic principle of controlling the power of government. The main contribution of Huang Zongxi's new people-based thought beyond the traditional people-based thought is limited monarch, but it is very weak in contrast. The reason is that China's monarch is actually the owner of political sovereignty. Huang Zongxi is still confined to the framework of monarchy, and failed to break this paradigm. But there is no denying that Huang Zongxi's critique of autocratic monarchy is profound, deepening and expanding the traditional people-oriented thought in many ways. His thought of "New people" played an extremely important role in the democratic revolutionary movement from late Qing Dynasty to modern times. The construction of socialist democratic politics with Chinese characteristics must be rooted in the fine tradition of our country's profound political culture.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：K248;D092

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 楊勇;;《明夷待訪錄》教育思想散論——以《學(xué)�！菲獮橹行腫J];文教資料;2011年27期

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 姜佳曦;黃宗羲“君臣觀”的時代文化語境[D];東北師范大學(xué);2010年

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本文編號：1841980