本文選題：孔安國 + 漢代　； 參考：《山東大學》2010年博士論文

【摘要】： 孔安國,字子國,是漢代孔氏家學和兩漢經學史上的重要傳承人。他以經學為業(yè),博通儒家典籍,對漢代的《古文尚書》學、《古文論語》學、《古文孝經》學均有開啟之功,但存史料對其一生事跡和治學活動的記載比較簡約,署名于他的著述也是歷代學者爭論不已的話題。本文依據現(xiàn)有的材料,對孔安國的生卒時間、世次、家世、學術淵源和治學背景及家學傳承等各方面作了較為系統(tǒng)的論述,重點考論了其治學活動的諸方面,如他與今、古文《尚書》、《古文論語》、《古文孝經》、《孔子家語》、孔氏家學的具體關系,并評述他在漢代學術史上的地位。 孔安國為孔子后裔,依據《漢書》、《史記》以及各時代所修孔氏家譜的記載,考證知他為孔子第十一代孫,大約生活在漢景帝前元元年(公元前156年)到漢武帝太初四年(公元前101年)之間。他少時積極求學,受伏生《尚書》,于申公習《魯詩》,游學河間,學優(yōu)入仕,先后任武帝經學博士、侍中、諫大夫、臨淮太守等職,可謂學宦兩成�？装矅錾谖幕諊鷿夂竦目资霞易�,從春秋戰(zhàn)國到漢代,孔子及其后裔都以儒學為業(yè)、勤于治經,家族內部形成了積極向上、博學廣聞的家學風范,積淀了深厚的文化底蘊,為他的治學營造了良好的內部環(huán)境�？装矅膶W術淵源頗廣,主要來源于家學、師學及河間學術,其中既有今文經學如伏生之《今文尚書》、申公之《魯詩》,也有古文經學如家學之《古文尚書》、河間之《毛詩》,這為他日后取得的突出學術成就奠定了基礎。 孔安國生活于漢景、武年間,正是漢王朝統(tǒng)治思想由黃老無為漸轉至“獨尊儒術、表彰六經”的時期。漢武帝即位后實施了一系列尊崇儒術的政策,確立了儒學在百家之學中的主導地位,同時也促使今文經學逐步走向興盛,(?)這為他繼承祖業(yè)、研治經書提供了有利的社會條件。漢景帝末年,魯恭王拓宮室壞孔子舊宅,發(fā)現(xiàn)了《古文尚書》、《古文論語》、《古文孝經》、《禮古經》等先秦古書。這批古文經書后歸孔安國所有,為他治學(?)提供了寶貴的文獻資料。另外,孔安國生活在全國文化的重鎮(zhèn)——齊魯大地,地域文化深厚,名儒云集,濃郁的學術氛圍不僅讓他深受熏陶,更為其從師治學、切磋交流提供諸多便利。 孔安國精通《尚書》學,是漢代尚書學史上的關鍵人物。作為漢武帝時的《今文尚書》博士,他通過傳授弟子兄寬,促成《今文尚書》三家學派的形成,推動了《今文尚書》學的發(fā)展興盛。同時他整理、認讀、訓解孔壁所出的《古文尚書》,并傳授弟子與后人,形成明確的傳授譜系,開創(chuàng)了《古文尚書》學派。因此,孔安國對漢代的今古文《尚書》學之興均有發(fā)起之功,為漢代尚書學的發(fā)展作出了重要的貢獻。通過將今本題名孔安國的《尚書孔傳》與《小爾雅》進行比較研究,可知他確曾訓解《古文尚書》,釋經成果即保存在《孔傳》中。從“傳”字本義、與《孔叢子》的聯(lián)系、孔氏家學傳承等方面看,今本《孔傳》當始于孔安國的訓解、傳授,后由孔家學者不斷完善補充,纂集成書的,是漢代孔氏家學的產物。 對于來源于孔壁的《古文論語》,孔安國是最早的整理者、研治者。他主要作了整理、認讀、隸古定、訓解的工作,然后傳授后人及弟子,從而使此書在民間流傳不息,形成了《古文論語》學派。而今收在何晏《論語集解》中孔注的作者,自清代以來學者們眾說紛紜,莫衷一是。結合近年來學界的研究成果,深入考察今存孔注的底本和注文內容,我們認為其當為孔安國所作。孔安國的《論語》訓解是迄今尚存最古老的《論語》注本,訓釋簡潔精練,重在訓詁,兼及大義,為后代學人研究《論語》提供了重要的借鑒。 孔安國與《古文孝經》的關系亦非常密切,他對此書也進行了整理、認讀,隸古定,后傳授子孫。在傳授中可能對《古文孝經》還作了文字訓詁和義理闡釋,形成《孝經》孔氏古文說。漢昭帝時,此書由擔任魯國三老的孔安國家人上獻于朝廷。今本《孝經孔傳》流傳過程曲折復雜,但非日本人偽造,直接淵源于劉炫本《古文孝經》孔傳,約在我國隋唐之際傳出。從史志記載、著錄和傳文內容、體例、文風各方面看,此書非孔安國所作。聯(lián)系漢代的孔氏家學傳承,它極可能是孔家學者在“《孝經》孔氏古文說”的基礎上增益成書的。 《孔子家語》是專門記錄孔子及孔門弟子思想言行的著作,成書后命運多舛,長期以來被認定為“偽書”,此書與孔安國的關系也一直是學術史上的一大疑團。而深入考察王肅與《家語》的關系,可知清代流行而來的“增加說”與“偽造說”均不能成立。近年來,有多種出土文獻的內容可見于今本《孔子家語》,論文通過將定州《儒家者言》竹簡、阜陽雙古堆1號木牘、上博簡《民之父母》與《家語》的相關篇章進行比勘,可知《家語》一書的材料淵源有自,非抄襲《大戴禮記》、《說苑》等書而成。今本《家語》所附的“孔安國序”是考察此書真?zhèn)蔚闹匾墨I,從《家語》本身、其他傳世文獻、目前出土文獻、序言具體細節(jié)等方面考察,可證此序內容真實可靠,其作者當為孔安國�？装矅c《孔子家語》具體關系亦可從“孔安國序”的記載中概括得知：他從秦、漢初流傳的“孔子之言與諸國事、七十二弟子之言”的原簡副本以及相雜的“《曲禮》眾篇”的竹簡中整理出四十四篇,“以事類相次”,撰集成書,又特作書序介紹成書原委,并以家學形式流傳于孔家內部,直至三國孔猛時。 孔安國是孔氏家族的佼佼者,他對漢代孔氏家學的發(fā)展具有重大貢獻�？资霞覍W由先秦時期的孔子創(chuàng)立,代代傳承于家族內部。漢代孔家學者傳習《尚書》,世修古經,博通儒典,教育宗親,薪火相傳,使孔氏家學蓬勃發(fā)展,呈現(xiàn)出內容豐瞻、成就顯赫的興盛面貌。其中孔安國博覽眾書,研治群經,全面?zhèn)鞒邢茸孢z學；整理孔壁古書,為家學的繼續(xù)傳承提供了重要的文獻資料；推崇、傳承古文經學,維護了家學的純潔性。且他身體力行、樹立榜樣,以品德學識感召孔家學人,對孔氏家學的繼承和開拓作出了重要的貢獻,是先秦兩漢時期孔氏家學史上承前啟后的關鍵人物�？装矅笠峥子�、孔衍、孔歩、孔子立、孔僖、孔季彥等人皆繼承他的遺學,傳習古文經書,成就斐然,促進漢代孔氏家學的繁榮和發(fā)展。 總之,孔安國整理孔壁古書、編集《孔子家語》,保存、整理古代歷史文化典籍,為后世提供了彌足珍貴的文獻資料。他甘于寂寞,研習傳承孔壁古書,使古文師法逐步形成,促進了古文經學的興起,對漢代儒學的發(fā)展也有顯著影響。同時他積極教學育人,傳授儒家經典,推動了儒家精義的傳播與漢代經學的發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:Kong Anguo, the word Zi country, is an important inheritor in the Han Dynasty's family studies and the history of the Han Dynasty. On the basis of the existing materials, this paper makes a systematic discussion on the birth and death time, the times, the family life, the academic origin and the academic background and the inheritance of the family studies on the basis of the existing materials, focusing on the various aspects of his academic activities, such as his and the present, the ancient prose < Shang >, the ancient prose >, < the ancient prose filial piety >, < Confucius's house. The relationship between Confucius and his family and his position in the academic history of the Han Dynasty.
Koran is a descendant of Confucius. According to the records of "Han Book", "Shi Ji" and the genealogical family genealogy of the times, it is found that he is the eleventh generation of Confucius, about the first four years of Han Jing di (156 B.C.) to the fourth year of the Han Wu Emperor (101 B.C.). Confucius and his descendants from the Warring States and Warring States to the Han Dynasty, Confucius and his descendants were both Confucian and diligent in the treatment of Confucian classics. The profound cultural background has created a good internal environment for his study. Kong an has a wide range of academic origins, mainly from family studies, teachers and river learning. The foundation of academic achievement is laid out.
Koranguo lived in Han Jing and Wu years. It was the period of the Han Dynasty ruling from Huang Lao to the period of "respecting Confucianism and commending the six classics". Emperor Hanwu implemented a series of policies to honor Confucianism, established the dominant position of Confucianism in the study of the hundred families, and also promoted the development of the literary classics to flourish. (?) this is his inheritance. In the last year of Han Jing emperor, the old mansion of Confucius in the palace room of the emperor of Han Jing, Lu Gong and the palace of the palace, found the ancient books of the ancient texts, the ancient texts, the ancient text of filial piety, the ancient classics and other ancient books. The important town of culture - Qilu earth, deep regional culture, famous Confucianism, rich academic atmosphere not only made him deeply edify, but also provided many conveniences for his learning and exchange.
As a key figure in the history of calligraphy in the Han Dynasty, Kong an - Guo mastery of Shang Shu was a key figure in the history of calligraphy in the Han Dynasty. As a doctor of the present article of the Han Dynasty, he contributed to the formation of the three schools of school by imparting his brother's brother's breadth and facilitated the development of "the present book > learning". The descendants formed a clear genealogical genealogy and opened the ancient ancient book school. Therefore, Kong an state has made an important contribution to the development of the Han Dynasty's ancient and ancient books, and made an important contribution to the development of calligraphy in the Han Dynasty. It is a product of Confucius's family studies in the Han Dynasty.
Confucius was the earliest organizer and researcher of Confucius, which came from the wall of Confucius. There are many different opinions and different opinions. Combining with the research achievements of the academic circles in recent years, we deeply examine the foundation and the contents of the note of the present hole. We think that the Confucius Analects of Kong Anu is the oldest of the Analects of Confucius, which is the oldest "Analects > note book", a concise and concise interpretation, the exegesis, and the great meaning, and the study of the Analects of Confucius for future generations. It provides an important reference.
The relationship between Kong Anu and the ancient text of filial piety is also very close. He also collated the book, read the book, and put it in the post. In the course of the imparting, he may also make a text exegesis and interpretation of the ancient text of filial piety. The transmission process of filial piety is complicated and complicated, but it is not forged by the Japanese. It is directly originated from Liu Zun Ben, the ancient prose filial piety > Kong Chuan, about the history of the Sui and Tang Dynasties in China. "On the basis of Kong's ancient prose", the gain became a book.
"Confucius's family" is a book that records Confucius and his disciples' thoughts and deeds. It has long been identified as a "false book". The relationship between this book and Kong Anguo has always been a major doubt in the academic history. In recent years, the contents of a variety of unearthed documents are seen in the present edition of Confucius's family. By comparing Dingzhou's Confucianism, bamboo slips, Fuyang double heap 1 wooden slips, and the related chapters of "the parents of the people" and "the family language", we can see that the material of the book of the family is rich, not a copy of the great Dalai, and the garden. This is an important document to investigate the authenticity of this book. From the family language, the other literature, the present unearthed literature and the details of the preface, it can be proved that the content is true and reliable. The author should be Kong an state. The specific relationship between Kong an state and Confucius's family can also be from the "Kong an order". In the record, he learned that he collated forty-four articles from the bamboo slips of "Confucius's words and the words of the seventy-two disciples, the words of the disciples" and the miscellaneous "Song rite > numerous articles", which had been circulated in the Qin and early Han Dynasties. When the three kingdoms are fierce.
Kong Anguo is the leader of the family of Kong's family. He has made a great contribution to the development of Confucius's family learning in the Han Dynasty. Confucius's family study was founded by Confucius in the pre Qin period and inherited from the family. It is the prosper and the flourishing appearance. In which Confucius and an country read the numerous books, studied the group classics, inherit the ancestors' studies in an all-round way, collate the ancient books of the hole wall, provided the important documents for the continuing inheritance of the family school. The inheritance and development of the family study made important contributions. It was the key figure in the history of Confucius' family studies in the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty. Confucius, Kong Yan, Confucius, Confucius Li, Kong Xi, Kong Ji Yan and others inherited his studies, passed on the classics of ancient Chinese Prose, made great achievements and promoted the prosperity and development of Confucius's family learning in the Han Dynasty.
In a word, Kong Anguo collates the ancient books of Kong wall, compiles Confucius's family, saves and collates ancient historical and cultural classics, and provides precious literature materials for the later generations. He is willing to be lonely, studies and inherit the ancient books of Confucius wall, which has made the ancient Chinese teachers' law gradually formed, promoted the rise of ancient Chinese Confucian classics and influenced the development of Confucianism in the Han Dynasty. At the same time he was active. Teaching and educating people and imparting Confucian classics promoted the dissemination of Confucianism and the development of Confucian classics in Han Dynasty.

【學位授予單位】：山東大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K234

【引證文獻】

相關期刊論文 前2條

1 梁晨;;孔安國生卒時間及生平事跡考[J];群文天地;2012年20期

2 李現(xiàn)紅;鄧林偉;;從《孔傳》到《鄭注》看兩漢宗族文化發(fā)展的一個側面[J];湖南行政學院學報;2013年05期

相關碩士學位論文 前2條

1 劉凡超;定州漢簡《儒家者言》研究[D];河北師范大學;2012年

2 梁晨;孔安國年譜[D];山東師范大學;2013年

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本文編號：1781447