本文選題：明代　切入點(diǎn)：言官群體　出處：《華中師范大學(xué)》2007年博士論文

【摘要】： 明代言官是給事中和御史的合稱，其組織機(jī)構(gòu)為六科和都察院。適應(yīng)明代專制皇權(quán)高度發(fā)展的需要，明代的言官建制吸取了歷代經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)，在言官的職權(quán)、選任、考核、升黜等方面更為嚴(yán)密和完善，成為歷史上最為完備的言官制度。 與明代言官建制的完備相適應(yīng)，明代有一支龐大的言官群體。與歷代言官及明朝其他官僚群體相比，明代言官群體具有人員眾多、選任精粹、位卑權(quán)重、升遷迅捷、東南為盛等特征�；趯�(duì)自身職業(yè)利益和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的體認(rèn)，以及社會(huì)對(duì)言官的認(rèn)同，言官群體形成了獨(dú)特的群體意識(shí)，他們以忠君報(bào)國(guó)為信仰，在價(jià)值觀念上追求內(nèi)圣外王，并奉行“寧鳴而死，不默而生”的職業(yè)道德。在群體分類上，以精神氣節(jié)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，明代言官群體在總體上可分為忠正和奸邪兩種基本對(duì)立的類型，其中明中期以前忠正型言官為多，奸邪型言官則以晚明居多。 言官群體對(duì)明朝國(guó)運(yùn)及明代政治格局產(chǎn)生的作用和影響，，主要通過(guò)言官與周邊群體的互動(dòng)表現(xiàn)出來(lái)，諸如皇帝、閣臣、宦官、地方官、民眾等。從言官群體與中央權(quán)力關(guān)系及對(duì)地方政治的影響來(lái)看，明代言官在鞏固皇權(quán)，維護(hù)朝綱，糾舉官邪，整肅吏治，維護(hù)明代國(guó)家機(jī)器的正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)等方面，起了相當(dāng)重要的作用。尤其是明中期以后，言官群體力量增長(zhǎng)，群發(fā)性事件增多，在一些重大事件中往往群體行動(dòng)，彼此聲援應(yīng)和，對(duì)明代政治產(chǎn)生較大影響。不過(guò)，言官群體在明朝所起的作用前后分途。從總體來(lái)看，嘉靖以前特別是明前期，言官發(fā)揮的作用基本上是積極正面的，這與這一時(shí)期政治較清明、皇帝素質(zhì)尚好、言官群體素質(zhì)較高、群臣持正為公以及世風(fēng)淳正等因素密切相關(guān)。嘉靖以后，言官群體不斷分化蛻變，各種惡劣習(xí)氣在言官群體中滋長(zhǎng)蔓延，為腐朽的明末政治推波助瀾，最終與國(guó)偕亡。言官群體的蛻變及其對(duì)明朝所起的負(fù)面作用，是受多種錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的因素綜合作用漸變所致，這些因素包括言官制度的逐步崩壞，社會(huì)變遷給言官帶來(lái)潛移默化影響，以及言官職業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)日益增大等。 明代言官制度雖然完備，但其實(shí)際運(yùn)行效果有限，根源在于專制體制的屬性以及由此導(dǎo)致的監(jiān)控體制的缺陷。明代言官群體的命運(yùn)與明朝國(guó)運(yùn)是一致的，沒有擺脫初則生氣勃勃、繼而因循、然后衰敗的歷史周期循環(huán)軌跡。言官群體中忠正言官的悲劇命運(yùn)及晚明眾多言官無(wú)奈的蛻變，揭示了傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)晚期專制皇權(quán)日益膨脹，以及士大夫地位日趨低下的狀況。
[Abstract]:In Ming Dynasty, Yan Guan is a joint name for Shi Zhong and Yu Shi, and its organization is six branches and the Capital Court.Adapting to the needs of the high development of the autocratic imperial power in the Ming Dynasty, the speech officer system of the Ming Dynasty absorbed the experience and lessons of the past dynasties, and became the most complete speech officer system in history.In accordance with the perfect system of Yan-Guan in Ming Dynasty, there was a large group of Yan-Guan in Ming Dynasty.Compared with other bureaucratic groups in the Ming Dynasty, the Yanguan group of Ming Dynasty had the characteristics of numerous personnel, excellent selection, inferior weight, rapid promotion and prosperity in the southeast.Based on the recognition of their professional interests and risks, as well as the recognition of the speech officials in the society, the Yan Guan group has formed a unique group consciousness. They believe in serving the country with loyalty to the monarch, pursue internal and external kings in their values, and pursue "peace and death".The work ethic of not living in silence.In terms of group classification, according to the standard of spiritual integrity, the group of Yan Guan in Ming Dynasty can be divided into two basic opposing types: loyalty and evil, in which, before the middle of Ming Dynasty, most of them were loyal and upright, and most of them were in the late Ming Dynasty.The role and influence of the Yan Guan group on the Ming Dynasty national movement and the political pattern of the Ming Dynasty were mainly expressed through the interaction between the Yan Guan and the surrounding groups, such as the emperor, ministers, eunuchs, local officials, people and so on.From the perspective of the relationship between the group of officials and the power of the central government and its influence on local politics, the officials of the Ming Dynasty played a very important role in consolidating the imperial power, maintaining the imperial order, rectifying the evil of the officials, purging the officials and maintaining the normal operation of the state machinery in the Ming Dynasty.Especially after the middle of Ming Dynasty, the strength of the Yan Guan group increased and the mass incidents increased. In some important events, the group often acted in solidarity with each other, which had a great influence on the politics of the Ming Dynasty.However, the Yan Guan group played a role in the Ming Dynasty before and after the separation.In general, before Jiajing, especially in the early Ming Dynasty, the role played by the Yanguan was basically positive, which was better than that of Pure Brightness in politics during this period, the quality of the emperor was still good, and the quality of the speaking officials was relatively high.Groups of officials are holding public and Shi Feng Chun Zheng and other factors are closely related.After Jiajing, the Yan Guan group continued to differentiate and change, and all kinds of bad habits grew and spread among the speech officials group, which contributed to the decadent politics in the late Ming Dynasty and eventually died with the country.The transformation of the Yan Guan group and its negative effect on the Ming Dynasty were caused by a variety of complicated factors, including the gradual collapse of the Yan Guan system and the subtle influence of the social changes on the language officials.As well as the increasing professional risks of language officials, and so on.Although the Yanguan system of Ming Dynasty is complete, its actual operation effect is limited, which originates from the attribute of autocratic system and the defects of monitoring system caused by it.The fate of the Yan Guan group in the Ming Dynasty was consistent with the Ming Dynasty's national luck. It did not get rid of the vitality of the early period and then followed the path of the historical cycle of decline.The tragic fate of loyal officials and the helpless transformation of many officials in the late Ming Dynasty revealed the increasing expansion of autocratic imperial power in the late traditional society and the increasingly low status of literati and officials.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號(hào)】：K248

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

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本文編號(hào)：1713811