本文選題：清代　切入點：貴州苗疆　出處：《華中師范大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：清代是中國多民族統(tǒng)一形成的重要歷史時期,貴州黔東南苗疆從雍正“改土歸流”以后正式歸入“王化”的“版圖”。從開辟以前“無君長不相統(tǒng)屬”的社會狀況進入到設(shè)置郡縣派遣流官治理時期,苗疆從間接統(tǒng)治過渡到了直接統(tǒng)治的時代。相對于幾年的開辟苗疆來講,100多年苗疆政治、經(jīng)濟、文化、社會的長期治理更是清代面臨的主要問題。前人對苗疆研究成果已不少,但主要側(cè)重于經(jīng)濟開發(fā)、政治統(tǒng)治、法律調(diào)控以及苗漢文明互動等,縱向上沒有把有清一代苗疆的政治、經(jīng)濟與社會發(fā)展作一個全面總結(jié),橫向上也僅對某個問題進行單方面闡述,沒有全面揭示苗疆“歸流”以后政治、經(jīng)濟、文化、社會的發(fā)展與清代治理政策之間的重要關(guān)聯(lián)。清代苗疆治理是一個不斷調(diào)整、變動、發(fā)展的動態(tài)過程,反映了朝廷對民族地區(qū)治理政策日漸走向成熟的歷史軌跡。本文圍繞清代苗疆開辟的時代背景,雍乾和咸同兩次苗民起事與清廷治理政策的關(guān)系,中央治理政策調(diào)整與苗疆社會發(fā)展?fàn)顩r的互動,“因俗而治”與加強中央控制等既矛盾又統(tǒng)一的問題進行敘述,通過分析清代前中期與后期治理苗疆的不同舉措進行比較,從而揭示清代治理苗疆的重要悈變歷程,指出清末苗疆治理的重要改革從而結(jié)束了苗疆動亂的歷史。研究清代苗疆治理的歷程和特點不僅可以總結(jié)清代治理民族地區(qū)政策的得失,也對今天民族區(qū)域自治地區(qū)的施政有重要借鑒意義。敘論部分提出本文研究的重要問題以及前人對貴州苗疆研究文獻的綜述,指出苗疆治理研究取得的重要成果與存在的不足,并對相關(guān)的重要概念進行詮釋。第一章總述改土歸流以前苗疆的社會制度概況,如“鼓社”制度調(diào)整苗民的宗族關(guān)系,“理老”制度維持苗疆村寨的重要支柱,“議榔”組織調(diào)整苗疆區(qū)域。并簡要對明代黔東南苗疆政治社會進行概述。此章為開辟苗疆的論述進行鋪墊,也是全篇論文寫作的前奏。第二章論述雍正對西南改土歸流的重要歷史時代背景及其目的以及開辟苗疆的歷史過程。文章論述了西南土司制度發(fā)展到清代,與大一統(tǒng)政治思想日益沖突,清代為加強對西南交通、經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易和國防調(diào)整等重要戰(zhàn)略的直接控制,在鄂爾泰的建議下進行了歷史上著名的“改土歸流”。“開辟”黔東南苗疆被納入改土歸流的重要一環(huán)。雍正用武力開辟苗疆后,來不及考察苗疆傳統(tǒng)社會狀況,對苗民直接征收賦稅,從而導(dǎo)致雍正晚年爆發(fā)了苗民起事。乾隆上臺后用張廣泗為經(jīng)理苗疆大臣迅速平定苗疆,從而為乾隆時期苗疆的各項穩(wěn)健治理打下堅實的基礎(chǔ)。第三章論述雍正乾隆時期苗疆政治、經(jīng)濟、社會、文化等秩序的總體治理及成效。政治治理上,雍正開辟苗疆后,首先在苗疆建置“新疆六廳”,軍事上在苗疆設(shè)營置汛,乾隆時期實行屯田制度,雍正和乾隆鑒于苗疆社會的分散和固有的傳統(tǒng)社會習(xí)慣機制而采取了較靈活治理措施,在本無土司的苗疆建立了土司制度。乾隆時期苗疆社會治理主要是加大對苗疆基層的調(diào)整,對“生苗”“熟苗”采取分治,在基層設(shè)立苗寨“頭人”制度,苗頭隸屬于土司,土司又隸屬于流官,通過土司分管各苗山寨,借此流官從而統(tǒng)治苗疆社會。在苗疆法制文化風(fēng)俗治理構(gòu)建上,乾隆鑒于苗民固有的習(xí)慣法傳統(tǒng),規(guī)定苗人內(nèi)部糾紛適用“苗例”仲裁。文化教育建設(shè)上,雍正時期就開始在苗疆建設(shè)學(xué)校,作為化導(dǎo)苗民的一項治理政策來施行。但是乾隆十六年以后考慮到苗民普遍識字會危及清廷的統(tǒng)治,取消了苗疆地區(qū)的社學(xué),義學(xué)也日漸衰落。經(jīng)濟治理構(gòu)建上鑒于苗民長期無納稅的傳統(tǒng),乾隆元年下令“永不征收苗賦”,從而促進了苗疆的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展；乾隆時期大力發(fā)展苗疆交通建設(shè),開浚苗疆水道,建設(shè)苗疆驛鋪,發(fā)展苗疆貿(mào)易,并移民開發(fā)苗疆,從而使苗疆的治理邁向了內(nèi)地化的進程。乾隆對苗疆治理能適度采取“因俗而治”的政策,并取得了一定的成效,但是其治理實際上仍然是一種消極的防御政策,如限制漢民移入苗疆,規(guī)定漢、苗不能交往,取消苗民接受文化教育、苗疆土地不斷落入漢民手中而難以調(diào)整等,諸種矛盾錯綜復(fù)雜,從而埋下了嘉道時期嚴(yán)重的社會矛盾。第四章論述嘉慶道光時期苗疆各項社會矛盾的日漸突出。首先是“客民”不斷涌入苗疆,苗民土地不斷喪失,官、民的高利貸使苗民日益破產(chǎn),從而伏下了深層次的矛盾。其次是苗疆屯政日益廢馳,屯軍不斷擠壓苗民的生存空間,而且苗疆駐地軍隊的采買制度日久生弊,逐漸演變成了盤剝苗民的一項弊政。鴉片戰(zhàn)爭以后,厘稅在苗疆的推行以及徭役的加重也使苗民生活日益陷入貧困的境地。再加上苗疆土司通事等不斷欺凌剝削苗民,官府在政治上與軍事上也給苗民形成了巨大的壓力。族群文化上,從乾隆時期不斷移民苗疆的“客戶”,至道光以后苗、漢“主客”地位關(guān)系發(fā)生了重要的變化,苗、漢文化差異日益成為族群矛盾的焦點。再加上清代后期苗疆人口不斷增長,但土地卻高度集中到少數(shù)人手中,從而使苗疆社會矛盾一觸即發(fā)。第五章在第四章矛盾發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)上簡要敘述了苗疆咸同動亂的原因、過程與結(jié)果。同治末年,苗民動亂被平定以后,官民經(jīng)過戰(zhàn)爭的洗禮,對治理苗疆各項弊端進行了深刻的反省,對苗疆社會各項弊政提出了改革措施。加上咸同動亂以后,苗疆社會階層也發(fā)生了重要的變化,基層地方士紳勢力不斷上升,為清末貴州苗疆治理的近代化治理重構(gòu)奠定了下層基礎(chǔ)。第六章是本文重點,論述咸同動亂以后苗疆近代化治理的重構(gòu)。本章主要指出經(jīng)過了近20年的咸同動亂以后,地方官府與清廷治理苗疆已體現(xiàn)了改革的思想,主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：政治治理構(gòu)建上：一是逐漸廢除“苗疆六廳”土司,從而減輕了苗疆基層苗民的負(fù)擔(dān)；二是苗疆軍伍開始向苗民開放,使得苗民第一次有了進入上層體制的窗口,突破了從前“以漢治苗”的樊籬,構(gòu)建了“以苗治苗”的務(wù)實政治治理體系。經(jīng)濟治理重構(gòu)上：在兼顧各階層利益基礎(chǔ)上規(guī)范了苗疆經(jīng)濟與賦稅制度,一是堅決廢除苗疆陋規(guī),直接向苗民征收固定賦稅,從而避免苗民長期受陋規(guī)的任意剝削；二是光緒初年朝廷規(guī)定“開墾納賦占田制”,使苗疆土地所有權(quán)直接歸入民、苗個體家庭,促進了苗疆亂后的經(jīng)濟得以恢復(fù)；三是改革了苗疆屯田制度,把屯田逐漸收歸地方流官管理,同時取消駐扎苗疆軍隊的“采買”制度,使苗民生存壓力逐漸減輕。文化習(xí)俗治理構(gòu)建上：一是在苗疆大力發(fā)展教育,廣泛普遍建設(shè)學(xué)校,苗民從此得以進入學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)漢語文化,使苗疆文化教育邁入了近代化的重構(gòu)；二是地方官在政治實踐中已體會到民族地區(qū)“因俗而治”的傳統(tǒng)政治思想重要性,在相對尊重苗民風(fēng)俗的基礎(chǔ)上推行“漢化”政策,從而避免了苗、漢關(guān)系的緊張。社會基層的治理構(gòu)建上：一是通過官府的承認(rèn)從而提升苗疆地域習(xí)慣法以代表正統(tǒng)的國家權(quán)威,并以石碑刊刻的方式廣泛公布于苗疆基層村寨,曉示地方官員、土弁以及苗民,既適合了苗民的傳統(tǒng)習(xí)慣,也使國家法制順利擴張深入苗疆基層；二是在苗疆土官式微之后,地方士紳不斷崛起的情況下,朝廷開始在苗疆建立了保甲制度,把苗疆原來流官-土司-苗寨頭人-苗民的社會治理結(jié)構(gòu),過渡到流官-保-甲-苗民的統(tǒng)治結(jié)構(gòu),從而使苗疆的國家化、內(nèi)地化進程進一步加深,為苗疆近代化秩序重構(gòu)奠定了基礎(chǔ)；三是面對苗疆村寨分散的特點,流官通過授權(quán)地方村寨進行“自治”,此種措施在減少治理成本的同時達到有效構(gòu)建苗疆基層秩序的目的。結(jié)語在前面幾章論述的基礎(chǔ)上,總結(jié)清代苗疆治理的發(fā)展規(guī)律和特點：一是從國家政權(quán)治理角度上看,苗疆治理治理方式從族際主義治理向地域主義治理逐漸轉(zhuǎn)型；二是從政府治理的方式上看,苗疆治理方式從一元治理逐漸向多元治理轉(zhuǎn)型；三是從治理的主體來看,從中央政府直接治理苗疆轉(zhuǎn)入中央政府、地方政府與苗疆地方基層社會共同治理并存上來；四是從治理的性質(zhì)上看,從防范控制苗疆苗轉(zhuǎn)變到防范與注重苗疆民生的治理并存上來；五是從治理的對象上來看,已從開辟前的邊疆治理政策轉(zhuǎn)入了內(nèi)地化治理模式上來。以上諸種具有改革性的治理措施使苗疆進入了近代化治理重構(gòu)。
[Abstract]:This paper gives a comprehensive summary of the political , economic , cultural and social development of Miao ' s land in the Qing Dynasty . This chapter discusses the important historical background of Miao ' s land and its purpose and the historical process of opening up the Miao frontier . In the second chapter , the paper discusses the important historical background and purpose of Miao ' s land and its purpose and the historical process of opening up the Miao frontier .
During the reign of Emperor Qian Long , it has made great efforts to develop the traffic construction of Miao and Xinjiang , open the water channel of the Miao frontier , build the Miao border post , develop the seedling land trade , and develop the Miao and Xinjiang , so that the governance of the Miao frontier has become more and more serious . On the basis of the conflict development in the late Qing Dynasty , the local government and the Qing government have carried out the reform measures . In the end of the same period , the local government and the Qing court ruled out the reform measures . In the last few years , the local government and the Qing court ruled out the reform thought , mainly manifested in the following aspects : the construction of political governance : firstly , the division of the " Six Hall of Miao and Xinjiang " is gradually abolished , thus the burden of the Miao people in the Miao and Xinjiang grass - roots level is reduced ;
The second is the opening of the Miao people to the Miao people , so that the Miao people have the first time to enter the window of the upper layer system , break through the former " Miao culture " and construct the practical political governance system of " Miao Zhi Miao " . On the reconstruction of economic governance : On the basis of consideration of the interests of all classes , we standardize the economic and taxation system of Miao and Xinjiang .
The second is that the court in the early years of Guangxu stipulates that " reclamation of the land system " , so that the ownership of the land and land of the Miao territory is directly attributed to the people and the individual families of the seedlings , and the economic recovery after the disturbance of the Miao frontier is promoted ;
The third is the reform of the system of Miao and Xinjiang , the gradual collection of the garrison land to the local flow officer , and the elimination of the " purchase " system of the troops of the troops stationed at the same time , so as to gradually reduce the survival pressure of the Miao people .
Second , the local government has realized the importance of traditional political thought in the ethnic areas in political practice , and promoted the policy of " Han Hua " on the basis of relative respect for the folk customs of Miao people , thus avoiding the tension of Miao and Chinese relations .
Second , in the case of growing up of Miao ' s territory , the court began to establish a security system in the Miao and Xinjiang , and established the social governance structure of the former stream officer , the Tusi - Miao village head and the Miao people , which led to the nationalization of the Miao and the further deepening of the inland process , which laid the foundation for the reconstruction of the modernization order of the Miao and Xinjiang .
On the basis of the previous chapters , the paper summarizes the developing rules and characteristics of the management of Miao ' s land in the Qing Dynasty .
Second , from the way of government governance , Miao - Xinjiang governance gradually transforms from one - element governance to multi - governance ;
Third , from the main body of governance , from the central government directly to the central government , the local government and the local grass - roots level of the grass - roots society co - exist together ;
The fourth is to see from the nature of the governance , from the prevention and control of the seedlings to the prevention and pay attention to the Miao and Xinjiang people ' s livelihood ;
Fifth , from the object of governance , the former frontier governance policy has been transferred to the model of inland management .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：K249
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本文編號：1687097