本文選題：明清　切入點(diǎn)：兩浙地區(qū)　出處：《安徽師范大學(xué)》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：徽商在兩浙的鹽業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng),延續(xù)了整個(gè)明清時(shí)期。根據(jù)其發(fā)展與興衰情況,大致可將其分作三個(gè)時(shí)期來(lái)探討:明初至萬(wàn)歷年間的經(jīng)營(yíng)情況;明萬(wàn)歷年間至清朝朝乾隆年間的鹽商與鹽業(yè);清嘉慶至清末的鹽業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)�；丈逃趦烧銟I(yè)鹽之時(shí),由于江浙地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)達(dá)和鹽業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)技藝學(xué)習(xí)的需要,其子弟往往隨同前往。寄籍異地的商人子弟的教育成為關(guān)系家族興旺及商人地位的重要事宜。鹽業(yè)官員及鹽商為此一要?jiǎng)?wù)在兩浙創(chuàng)辦了商籍制度,子弟另立學(xué)籍,得以異地參加科考。徽州鹽商在商籍建立中起到了至關(guān)重要的作用,商籍也為徽州鹽商在兩浙的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)。兩浙徽商與政治勢(shì)力的交往成為其商業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)中一個(gè)異常鮮明的特征。之所以會(huì)出現(xiàn)這一狀況,有著諸多的因素。由于鹽的生產(chǎn)的特殊性和生活的不可或缺性,鹽稅一直是封建朝廷的重要財(cái)政來(lái)源。其經(jīng)營(yíng)的專賣性,使得鹽業(yè)和封建政權(quán)的關(guān)系極其密切。徽州商人正是憑藉其文化修養(yǎng),儒賈結(jié)合,結(jié)交官府而在鹽業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)中獨(dú)占鰲頭。而鹽商與官員過(guò)從甚密,既有其利,也存在弊端�；罩蓰}商在兩浙的經(jīng)營(yíng)對(duì)杭州社會(huì)諸方面影響頗大。杭州為兩浙鹽運(yùn)司所在地,鹽商云集,商課鹽稅的交納,鹽業(yè)利潤(rùn)的使用,特別是鹽商及其子弟的奢侈消費(fèi),無(wú)不影響著杭州經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展。鹽業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)的豐厚利潤(rùn),讓徽商有財(cái)力對(duì)子弟教育加以重視和大力投入。除了家庭的私學(xué),鹽商還在官員的支持下于兩浙興辦書院等重要教育機(jī)構(gòu)。除了杭州紫陽(yáng)書院、崇文書院和正學(xué)書院外,無(wú)錫紫陽(yáng)書院亦是其時(shí)徽商在兩浙創(chuàng)辦的重要教育機(jī)構(gòu)。其中,紫陽(yáng)和崇文兩書院更是綿延數(shù)百年之久,不僅為鹽商,更為兩浙甚至江南培養(yǎng)了大批人才。鹽商聚集于杭州,商籍與灶籍的出現(xiàn),對(duì)兩浙戶籍制度的松動(dòng)有著重要影響。輕商觀念的轉(zhuǎn)變和文化的融合,以及商業(yè)的繁榮更是對(duì)兩浙社會(huì)發(fā)展帶來(lái)了深刻影響�；罩蓰}商與兩浙社會(huì)變遷有著千絲萬(wàn)縷的聯(lián)系。本文通過(guò)對(duì)為數(shù)眾多的兩浙徽州鹽商特別是典型鹽商個(gè)案的研究,探討徽州鹽商與兩浙經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、教育以及社會(huì)變遷的影響關(guān)系,一方面希望進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)對(duì)徽州鹽商研究,另一方面希冀能于明清兩浙社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的各種因素有所厘清。
[Abstract]:The salt industry management of Huizhou merchants in the two provinces continued the whole period of Ming and Qing dynasties. According to its development, rise and fall, it can be divided into three periods: the management from the early Ming Dynasty to the Wanli period; Salt merchants and salt industry from Ming Wanli period to Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty; salt industry management from Qing Dynasty to the end of Qing Dynasty. Their children often went with them. The education of the children of merchants from different places of origin became an important matter for the prosperity of the family and the status of merchants. Salt officials and salt merchants established a commercial registration system in the two provinces and Zhejiang Province, and the children set up separate school registers. Huizhou salt merchants played a vital role in the establishment of commercial nationality. Shang nationality also laid a foundation for the further development of Huizhou salt merchants in the two provinces. The exchanges between Huizhou merchants and political forces became a distinctive feature in their business activities. There are many factors. Because of the particularity of salt production and the necessity of life, salt tax has always been an important source of finance for the feudal court. The relationship between salt industry and feudal regime was extremely close. Huizhou merchants took the lead in salt management by virtue of their cultural cultivation, the combination of Confucianism and government, and the salt merchants and officials had their own interests. There are also drawbacks. The operation of Huizhou salt merchants in the two provinces has a great impact on Hangzhou's society. Hangzhou is the seat of the salt transportation department of the two provinces. The salt merchants gather, the merchants pay salt taxes, the use of salt profits, especially the luxury consumption of salt merchants and their children. It will affect the economic and social development of Hangzhou. The rich profit of salt industry makes Huizhou merchants have the financial resources to pay attention to the education of their children, except for the private education of the family. Salt merchants also set up academies and other important educational institutions in both Zhejiang and Zhejiang with the support of officials. In addition to Hangzhou Ziyang Academy, Chongwen Academy and Zhengxue Academy, Wuxi Ziyang Academy was also an important educational institution established by Huizhou merchants in the two provinces at that time. The academies of Ziyang and Chongwen lasted for hundreds of years and cultivated a large number of talents not only for salt merchants, but also for the two Zhejiang and even the southern Jiangsu provinces. It has an important influence on the loosening of the household registration system in Zhejiang and Zhejiang. The change of the concept of light commerce and the fusion of culture, The prosperity of commerce has brought profound influence on the social development of the two provinces. The salt merchants in Huizhou are closely related to the social changes of the two provinces. This paper studies the numerous cases of salt merchants, especially the typical salt merchants, in Huizhou, Zhejiang Province. This paper probes into the influence of Huizhou salt merchants on the economic, cultural, educational and social changes of the two provinces. On the one hand, it hopes to further promote the study of Huizhou salt merchants, on the other hand, it hopes to clarify the various factors of the social and economic development of the two provinces in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：K248;F429

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