本文選題：清代　切入點：布政使　出處：《南開大學》2009年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】： 兩司制度肇端于明代,其時為布、按、都三司鼎立,分管行政、司法、軍政事務。清入主中原后,承襲明制,地方行政事務由兩司上承督撫,下啟道員,總管一省行政、司法事務,其職掌和行政關(guān)系的演變,伴隨著清王朝發(fā)展的整個歷史進程。 清改革其機構(gòu),在設(shè)置上,取消右布政使,一省設(shè)一位布政使管理本省民政、財政事務,按察使基本沿襲明代,每省設(shè)一名,管理一省司法事務。 其職掌,布、按兩司分管一省行政和司法事務,并共同承擔一省官員選任與考核、軍需、科舉等事務。其在各個歷史時期,因面對的社會環(huán)境不盡相同,其職掌也不一樣。順康時期,為清王朝恢復和發(fā)展時期,此時,布政使的主要職掌:安定民心、鼓勵生產(chǎn);按察使則主要負責清理地方積案、清查地方盜匪等事務。雍乾盛世,社會形勢穩(wěn)定,兩司主要辦理各自本任事務。嘉道以降,進入“衰世”的清王朝,既面臨著王朝末年農(nóng)民大起義的沖擊,又因西方列強的入侵而遭逢“三千年未有之變局”,清朝統(tǒng)治走向衰敗。是時,由于綠營兵不堪一擊,外難抵擋西方列強的入侵,內(nèi)難抵抗以太平天國為首的農(nóng)民運動。緣是,清政府不得不改弦更張,采取新的政策,任用文官帶兵出戰(zhàn)就是其中之一。此時,為有效地調(diào)動軍隊,清政府多用實缺兩司帶兵轉(zhuǎn)戰(zhàn)各地,署任兩司辦理地方行政事務。第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭后,隨著洋務運動的開展,兩司協(xié)助督撫采西學、制洋器、練新兵。有的兩司甚至直接兼管本省洋務、營務事宜。特別是在中外交涉之中,懂洋務的兩司在辦理簽約、換約事宜中都起到了重要的作用。清末改革時,按西方三權(quán)分立的思想,對地方行政制度加以改革,兩司職掌又進一步細化。 為了能夠有效地維持地方統(tǒng)治,清政府在地方事務的處理過程中,適時地調(diào)整了兩司與督撫、道員之間的職掌,使其相互依賴、相互制約并在政務的處理中互相合作,保證地方行政體系的有序運行。 由于清術(shù)特殊的社會形勢,地方官員的選任政策也發(fā)生改變,兩司作為省級重要行政長官,其表現(xiàn)尤為突出,地方實缺兩司的帶兵出戰(zhàn),使得地方署任官員的作用逐漸凸現(xiàn)出來。 綜上所述,兩司是清代中央集權(quán)體系的中間階層,也是中央權(quán)力得以實現(xiàn)的中間環(huán)節(jié)。兩司的存在,不但有利于地方政務的處理,也加強了皇帝對督撫的直接控制。同時,兩司在晚清政局中對洋務、外交和軍事等方面的參與,使其與近代的政治、經(jīng)濟、文化發(fā)生了諸多聯(lián)系,從而對晚清行政體制的演變和社會變遷等方面產(chǎn)生了多方面的影響。
[Abstract]:The system of the two departments began in the Ming Dynasty. At that time, the two departments were divided into three divisions, namely, cloth, press, and all three departments, responsible for administrative, judicial, military and administrative affairs. After the Qing Dynasty took over the Central Plains, it inherited the Ming system. The local administrative affairs were administered by the two departments, and the local administrative affairs were administered by the superintendents of the two divisions, and the officials of the lower roads were responsible for a provincial administration. The evolution of judicial affairs, its duties and administrative relations was accompanied by the whole historical process of the development of Qing Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, it reformed its organization, abolished the right envoy, and set up a provincial envoy to manage the civil affairs and financial affairs of the province. According to the basic law of the Ming Dynasty, each province had a member to manage the judicial affairs of the province. It is in charge of the administrative and judicial affairs of a province according to the two divisions, and is jointly responsible for the selection and assessment of officials of a province, military supplies, imperial examinations, etc. In each historical period, the social environment is not the same. Shunkang period was the period of the restoration and development of the Qing Dynasty. At this time, the main duties of the envoy were to stabilize the people's heart and encourage production, while the Chatsuke was mainly responsible for clearing up the local backlog cases and checking the local bandits and other affairs. In the prosperous times of Yong and Qian, the minister was mainly responsible for clearing up the local backlog of cases and checking the local bandits and bandits. The social situation was stable, and the two departments mainly handled their own affairs. The Qing Dynasty, which had entered the "declining world", was faced with the impact of the peasant uprising in the late years of the dynasty. Because of the invasion of the Western powers and the "unprecedented change of three thousand years", the Qing dynasty's rule went into decline. At that time, because of the vulnerability of the Green Barracks, it was difficult to resist the invasion of the Western powers outside, and it was difficult to resist the peasant movement led by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. The Qing government had to change course and adopt a new policy. One of them was the appointment of civil servants to lead the war. At this time, in order to effectively mobilize the army, the Qing government used more than two divisions to lead the troops to fight all over the country. After the second Opium War, with the development of the Westernization Movement, the two departments assisted in governing Western learning, making foreign equipment, and training new recruits. Some of the two departments even took charge of the Westernization affairs of their provinces directly. Business affairs. Especially in the negotiation between China and foreign countries, the two departments who know foreign affairs have played an important role in signing and exchanging contracts. During the reform of the late Qing Dynasty, the local administrative system was reformed in accordance with the idea of the separation of powers among the three powers in the West. The two divisions were further refined. In order to maintain local rule effectively, the Qing government, in the process of dealing with local affairs, timely adjusted the duties between the two departments, governors and Taoists, making them interdependent, mutually restricting and cooperating with each other in the handling of local affairs. Ensure the orderly operation of the local administrative system. As a result of the special social situation of the Qing Dynasty, the policy of selecting and appointing local officials has also changed. As important provincial administrators, the performance of the two departments is particularly outstanding. So that the role of local government officials gradually emerged. To sum up, the two departments were the middle class of the centralization system of the Qing Dynasty and the intermediate link of the realization of the central power. The existence of the two departments was not only conducive to the handling of local government affairs, but also strengthened the emperor's direct control over the governor and caress. At the same time, The participation of the two departments in foreign affairs, foreign affairs and military affairs in the political situation of the late Qing Dynasty made them have many connections with the modern politics, economy and culture, thus having a variety of influences on the evolution of the administrative system and the social changes in the late Qing Dynasty.
【學位授予單位】：南開大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：K249

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