本文選題：乾嘉道時(shí)期　切入點(diǎn)：淮河流域　出處：《南開大學(xué)》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：糧食是人類社會(huì)最基本的消費(fèi)品,還是傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)最重要的商品。糧價(jià)直接關(guān)系到人民的生活,市場(chǎng)的運(yùn)行,以及清代的農(nóng)政、倉政和荒政的運(yùn)作,并為這些政略的展開提供不可或缺的決策前提。清政府為了解全國各地糧食供需狀況,規(guī)定各級(jí)地方政府定期向上級(jí)報(bào)告轄區(qū)內(nèi)的雨雪量、收成預(yù)計(jì)及實(shí)收分?jǐn)?shù)、各種主要糧食市價(jià)、人口、倉儲(chǔ)數(shù)額,建立了史無前例的全國性糧價(jià)奏報(bào)制度。本文以清代官方奏報(bào)的數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ),對(duì)淮河流域的糧價(jià)進(jìn)行研究。 文章首先分析清代淮河流域的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)狀況、主要糧食作物種植和糧食供需情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)淮域的魯南、豫東屬余糧區(qū),皖北、蘇北屬缺糧區(qū)。之后主體部分分別從市場(chǎng)流通、糧價(jià)變動(dòng)特點(diǎn)、糧價(jià)與社會(huì)及市場(chǎng)整合四個(gè)方面進(jìn)一步詳細(xì)探討。第一部分,通過研究淮域糧食市場(chǎng)流通情況,不同地區(qū)間的糧食調(diào)劑,市場(chǎng)中心、商人行為等問題,可以認(rèn)識(shí)到淮域自發(fā)形成了由余糧區(qū)向缺糧區(qū)的糧食流通,市場(chǎng)呈現(xiàn)不斷發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。并對(duì)國家政策、士紳、民眾與市場(chǎng)的關(guān)系作出評(píng)價(jià)。 第二部分,從長期趨勢(shì)、季節(jié)指數(shù)、循環(huán)周期三個(gè)方面,考察了糧價(jià)序列隨時(shí)間變動(dòng)的情況。清代淮域糧價(jià)長期呈緩和的上漲趨勢(shì),季節(jié)性變動(dòng)主要受到作物生長周期、耕作制度、余缺糧情況和運(yùn)輸流通的影響。通過頻譜分析,淮域麥價(jià)存在著五年短周期和十七年長周期,它們形成的原因跟糧價(jià)短期波動(dòng)和傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)家庭周期變化有關(guān)。影響糧價(jià)的主要因素有氣候變化、交通運(yùn)輸、人口田地、貨幣流通等。政府采取了鼓勵(lì)墾殖和完善錢法等措施,以期從控制糧價(jià)的上漲趨勢(shì)。 第三部分研究了糧價(jià)短期波動(dòng)的影響及社會(huì)各界的應(yīng)對(duì)。清代淮河流域水、旱、蝗、疫災(zāi)害頻繁,這些災(zāi)害引發(fā)了糧價(jià)短期的大幅波動(dòng)和多次糧食暴動(dòng),并對(duì)社會(huì)風(fēng)習(xí)產(chǎn)生了不良影響。政府采取了一系列應(yīng)對(duì)措施,包括建設(shè)糧食儲(chǔ)備體系,禁止遏糴遏糶、禁止囤積,以及臨時(shí)性地散給銀米、減免稅金等,以促進(jìn)糧食流通,平抑糧價(jià)。士紳則輸粟散米、積極助賑,并擔(dān)任著籌集倉谷的任務(wù),清后期社倉、義倉紛紛建立,其管理、維護(hù)和運(yùn)行主要由士紳負(fù)責(zé),政府在這方面的職能有被士紳取代的傾向。 第四部分通過相關(guān)、回歸、協(xié)整三種方法對(duì)淮域糧食市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行價(jià)格同步性分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)淮河流域的市場(chǎng)整合程度和運(yùn)行效率均較高。并從新制度經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的視角分析了較高程度的市場(chǎng)整合與小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟(jì)共存的原因。 本文嘗試將理論與實(shí)證相結(jié)合,將文獻(xiàn)描述與數(shù)理分析相結(jié)合,將制度史與區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)史相結(jié)合,將微觀考察與宏觀論述相結(jié)合。從糧價(jià)視角,探討其與社會(huì)的互動(dòng)關(guān)系,深入了解清代淮河流域市場(chǎng)的運(yùn)作機(jī)制,經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展程度,及與之相互關(guān)聯(lián)的社會(huì)制度、文化特質(zhì)。
[Abstract]:Grain is the most basic consumer goods in human society and the most important commodity in traditional society. Grain prices are directly related to the life of the people, the operation of the market, and the operation of the agricultural, warehouse and famine policies of the Qing Dynasty. In order to understand the situation of grain supply and demand in various parts of the country, the Qing government stipulated that local governments at all levels should report regularly to their superiors on the amount of rain and snow, the expected harvest, and the actual harvest score. Various major grain market prices, population, storage amount, established an unprecedented national grain price report system. Based on the data of the official newspaper in Qing Dynasty, this paper studies the grain price in the Huaihe River basin. The paper first analyzes the agricultural production situation, main grain crop planting and grain supply and demand situation of Huaihe River basin in Qing Dynasty. It is found that the southern part of Huai River, the east of Henan Province belongs to the surplus grain area, the north of Anhui Province and the north of Jiangsu Province belong to the grain shortage area, and then the main body parts circulate separately from the market. The characteristics of grain price changes and the four aspects of grain price integration with society and market integration are further discussed in detail. The first part, by studying the circulation of grain markets in Huaihe region, the distribution of grain among different regions, the market center, and the behavior of businessmen, etc. It can be recognized that the Huai region spontaneously formed the grain circulation from the surplus grain area to the grain shortage area, and the market showed a developing trend, and evaluated the national policy, the relationship between the gentry, the masses and the market. In the second part, from three aspects of long-term trend, seasonal index and cycle cycle, the change of grain price sequence with time is investigated. The effects of tillage system, surplus grain shortage and transportation circulation. By spectrum analysis, wheat prices in Huai region have a short period of five years and a long period of 17 years. The reasons for their formation are related to short-term fluctuations in grain prices and changes in traditional social family cycles. The main factors affecting food prices are climate change, transportation, population, land, currency circulation, etc. The government has taken measures to encourage cultivation and improve money laws. With a view to controlling the rising trend of food prices. The third part studies the influence of the short-term fluctuation of grain price and the response of all walks of life. The flood, drought, locust and epidemic disaster in the Huaihe River valley in Qing Dynasty are frequent, and these disasters have caused a large fluctuation of grain price in the short term and many grain riots. The government has taken a series of measures to promote grain circulation, including building a grain reserve system, prohibiting the sale of grain, prohibiting hoarding, distributing silver rice temporarily, reducing taxes, and so on. The gentry were responsible for the management, maintenance and operation of the grain in the later period of the Qing Dynasty, in which they were responsible for the management, maintenance and operation of the grain. The government has a tendency to be replaced by gentry in this respect. In 4th, the price synchronism of the grain market in Huai region was analyzed by correlation, regression and cointegration. It is found that the market integration and operational efficiency of Huaihe River basin are both high, and the reasons for the coexistence of market integration and small-scale peasant economy are analyzed from the perspective of new institutional economics. This paper attempts to combine theory with demonstration, literature description with mathematical analysis, institutional history with regional economic history, microcosmic investigation and macroscopic discussion. From the perspective of grain price, this paper probes into the interactive relationship between food price and society. Deeply understand the operating mechanism, economic development, social system and cultural characteristics of Huaihe River market in Qing Dynasty.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南開大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：K249

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