本文關(guān)鍵詞： 八旗駐防 綠營 江南 滿漢關(guān)系 軍事控制　出處：《南京大學(xué)》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：清代江南軍事駐防體系創(chuàng)建于順治二年(1645),由八旗與綠營駐軍共同組成。清初的江南戰(zhàn)事頻發(fā),局勢動蕩,駐軍數(shù)量長期居高不下�？滴踔腥~之前,江南駐軍的營制歷經(jīng)過數(shù)次大幅度的調(diào)整與變動,軍事指揮體系也屢有更易。直至清廷平定三藩之亂及統(tǒng)一臺灣后,江南軍事駐防體制才基本確立。清代江南駐軍分為八旗駐防與綠營兩大系統(tǒng),在屯駐地點、兵力數(shù)量、武器配備等方面彼此互異,缺乏統(tǒng)一指揮與調(diào)度,給協(xié)同作戰(zhàn)帶來極大阻礙。江寧與京口八旗駐防的兵力數(shù)量雖不及綠營,卻是清廷維系江南地區(qū)統(tǒng)治的核心力量。康熙中葉之后,江南綠營駐軍的營制大致趨于穩(wěn)定。綠營駐軍散布于江南各地,其中,江蘇綠營的重要性遠勝于安徽綠營。江南綠營軍對清廷的忠誠度較低,在武器裝備與戰(zhàn)斗意志等方面都遜于八旗軍。江南清軍內(nèi)部等級森嚴、歧視充斥。清初的京口八旗駐防全系漢軍,有別于由滿蒙八旗組成的江寧駐防。清廷對漢軍八旗的歧視與排斥,直接導(dǎo)致乾隆年間京口漢軍“出旗”事件的發(fā)生。八旗駐防與綠營之間更是存在著明顯的差異與不平等。八旗駐防與綠營并非完全隔絕,二者之間有著一定的人員交流。三藩之亂后的百余年間,江南地區(qū)未遇到大規(guī)模戰(zhàn)事。由于承平日久,江南八旗駐防逐漸失去清初的生機與銳氣,而江南綠營軍同樣陷入戰(zhàn)斗力衰退的困境中,二者的軍事訓(xùn)練均日漸廢弛。清廷雖制定了較為嚴格的巡防章程,但江南駐軍的巡防實際上流于形式,難以達到消除內(nèi)外隱患、保障安全的預(yù)期目的。清代前中期,江南地區(qū)的軍民關(guān)系經(jīng)歷了由緊張向緩和轉(zhuǎn)變的歷程�？滴踔腥~之前,江南局勢動蕩、戰(zhàn)事頻發(fā),清廷進行嚴酷的軍事化統(tǒng)治,軍隊的各類殘民、擾民之舉并未受到有效約束。清初江南的旗民沖突、滿漢沖突十分嚴重,是當時軍民矛盾的主要內(nèi)容。自康熙中后期起,隨著戰(zhàn)事的結(jié)束及清朝統(tǒng)治秩序的確立,江南地區(qū)的軍民關(guān)系日趨緩和。清廷設(shè)定的旗民分離、分治的二元管理模式,并未能完全阻擋旗、民之間的正常交往。駐防旗人與當?shù)貪h人之間的隔離狀態(tài)逐漸被打破,雙方以商業(yè)貿(mào)易、土地租佃為主要形式的日常經(jīng)濟往來甚為頻繁。清代中葉,江寧、京口駐防旗人漸染漢俗,“國語騎射”傳統(tǒng)也日益衰頹,戰(zhàn)斗力持續(xù)下降。當局曾試圖恢復(fù)八旗軍的行圍制度與騎射訓(xùn)練,但因受限于江南的自然環(huán)境,成效甚微。隨著旗營人口的不斷增長,八旗生計問題日益嚴重。當局雖采取遷移駐防官兵、增加養(yǎng)育兵數(shù)量、出租旗地等多種方式緩解壓力,然而,八旗駐防制度固有的弊病并未消除,當局的各項革新措施也未見明顯成效,兵丁貧困化的趨勢仍難以遏制。嘉、道時期,江寧、京口八旗駐防已逐漸喪失軍事鎮(zhèn)戍功能,不再具備抵御外患、消弭內(nèi)亂的能力。
[Abstract]:The military garrison system of Jiangnan in Qing Dynasty was established in Shunzhi two years ago. It was composed of eight banners and the garrison of Green Battalion. During the early Qing Dynasty, there were frequent wars in the south of the Yangtze River, the situation was turbulent, and the number of garrison remained high for a long time, before the middle of Kangxi. The battalion system of the troops stationed in the southern part of the Yangtze River has undergone several large adjustments and changes, and the military command system has been made easier again and again until the Qing Dynasty calmed down the chaos of the three vassals and reunified Taiwan. Jiangnan military garrison system was basically established. In Qing Dynasty, the garrison was divided into eight banners garrison system and green battalion system. Jiangning and Jingkou eight Banner garrisons were not as large as the Green Battalion, but they were the core forces of the Qing Dynasty to maintain the rule of the south of the Yangtze River. After the middle of Kangxi. The garrison system of the Green Camp in the south of the Yangtze River tends to be stable. The Green Camp in Jiangsu Province is far more important than the Green Camp in Anhui Province, and the loyalty of the Green Camp troops in the south of the Yangtze River to the Qing government is low. In arms and equipment and fighting will are inferior to the eight flag army. Jiangnan Qing army internal hierarchy, discrimination flooded. The early Qing Dynasty Jingkou eight banners garrisoned all Han troops. Different from Jiangning garrison, which is composed of eight banners of Manchu and Mongolia, the Qing Dynasty discriminated against and rejected the eight banners of Han army. The eight banners garrison and the Green Battalion have obvious differences and inequalities. The eight Banner garrisons and the Green Camp are not completely isolated. There was a certain exchange of personnel between the two. More than a hundred years after the chaos of the three vassals, there was no large-scale war in Jiangnan area. As a result of the long period of Chengping, the eight banners of Jiangnan gradually lost the vitality and vigor of the early Qing Dynasty. The Jiangnan Green Battalion army also fell into the plight of the decline of combat effectiveness, the military training of both was gradually abandoned. Although the Qing government formulated a more strict patrol regulations, but the Jiangnan garrison patrol is actually a mere form. It is difficult to eliminate the hidden dangers inside and outside and to ensure the expected purpose of security. In the middle of Qing Dynasty, the military-civilian relations in Jiangnan area experienced a process of transition from tension to relaxation. Before the middle of Kangxi, the situation in Jiangnan was unstable and wars were frequent. Qing Dynasty carried out harsh militarization rule, the army of all kinds of remnant, the act of disturbing the people has not been effectively constrained. The early Qing Dynasty, the conflict between the flag people, Manchu and Han conflict is very serious. Since the middle and late period of Kangxi, with the end of the war and the establishment of the ruling order of the Qing Dynasty, the military-civilian relations in the south of the Yangtze River became more and more relaxed, and the Qing Dynasty set the separation of the flag and the people. The dualistic management mode of division and rule failed to completely block the flag and the normal communication between the people. The isolation between the flag guards and the local Han people was gradually broken, and the two sides used commercial trade. Land tenancy as the main form of daily economic exchanges is very frequent. In the middle of Qing Dynasty, Jiangning, Jingkou garrisoned flag gradually infected Han custom, "national language riding shooting" tradition is also declining day by day. The fighting capacity continued to decline. The authorities had tried to restore the eight-flag army's encirclement system and ride-riding training, but limited by the natural environment in the south of the Yangtze River, little effect had been achieved. As the population of the flag camp continued to grow. Although the authorities have adopted a variety of measures to ease the pressure, such as moving the garrison officers and soldiers, increasing the number of military personnel and renting out flag areas, however, the inherent shortcomings of the eight-banners garrison system have not been eliminated. The government's various innovative measures have not seen obvious results, and the trend of impoverishment of soldiers is still difficult to contain. During the period of Jia, Dao, Jiangning and Jingkou eight Banner garrisons have gradually lost the function of garrisoning military towns and no longer have the ability to resist foreign calamities. The ability to quell civil strife.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：K249

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