本文關(guān)鍵詞： 教化 儒學 力田 察舉制 監(jiān)察制 官學 私學 刑罰制度 民俗　出處：《山東大學》2009年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】： 教化實質(zhì)上是一種輔政措施。教化實施的過程,就是統(tǒng)治者本著相應(yīng)的教化標準,一方面利用刑罰制度、察舉制度、監(jiān)察制度等強制手段打擊反動勢力、革除惡俗陋習,另一方面利用道德、禮儀等溫和的手段規(guī)范人們的行為、培養(yǎng)“良風美俗”的過程�！敖袒眴栴}是近二十年來學界研究的一個熱點問題。而中國歷史上全國范圍內(nèi)的真正意義上的“教化”開始于漢代,自兩漢時期起,教化就滲透于國家管理的各個層面,通過“上行下效”影響到社會各個階層。因此,研究兩漢時期的教化的興起、發(fā)展及在實踐中與各項社會政策之間的關(guān)系,在歷史現(xiàn)象中尋求教化的本質(zhì),對于研究漢代社會乃至整個古代社會具有比較重要的學術(shù)意義。 本文在盡可能吸收前人研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上,將漢代教化與漢政府的各項制度結(jié)合起來,作一系統(tǒng)、動態(tài)的考察,以期更全面的了解教化在國家管理中所起的作用,把握教化實踐與其它制度之間的互動關(guān)系。本文從以下七章展開論述: 第一章,“教化的發(fā)展階段”,分析教化的發(fā)展階段。漢代“教化”概念最先由儒者提出,儒家道德和禮儀標準又是統(tǒng)治者施教最常用的華服,因此儒學的發(fā)展與教化的發(fā)展密不可分,儒學在漢代的發(fā)展歷程,恰恰可以反映教化的發(fā)展歷程。我們擬從西漢前期、西漢中后期至東漢立國前、東漢時期三個時期劃分教化的發(fā)展階段。 第二章,“教化與漢代經(jīng)濟政策”,分析教化與漢代經(jīng)濟政策之間的關(guān)系�！皣鴮嵜窀弧笔菍嵤┙袒那疤�,又是教化的最初目的之一。漢代經(jīng)濟政策中的勸課農(nóng)桑、優(yōu)復特殊群體政策都屬于教化的范疇。勸農(nóng)政策中樹立的教化典型“力田”的性質(zhì)是學界爭論的一個焦點,我們作為重點進行論述;享受優(yōu)復的社會群體設(shè)定在基層社會,包括鄉(xiāng)里教化之師三老,老人、婦女等弱勢群體,以及為發(fā)展儒家教育而選拔的博士弟子。特權(quán)階層不在我們的討論范圍之內(nèi)。 第三章,“教化與漢代文教政策”,分析教化與漢代文教政策的關(guān)系。作為教化理論來源的漢代儒學是綜合先秦各家學說之長的新儒學,儒學“獨尊”局面的形成促進了漢代教化理論的發(fā)展,儒吏作為施教的主體歷來是學界論述的重點,漢代儒學發(fā)展與教化之間存在密不可分的關(guān)系,因此儒學教化從各學派教化理論中脫穎而出是社會發(fā)展的必然。漢代儒學的迅猛發(fā)展應(yīng)歸功于教育,包括官學教育與私學教育�！敖獭钡囊饬x包含教育,教育是取得“更化”的主要方式。儒學教育的繁榮促進了漢代教化網(wǎng)絡(luò)的形成。在這個教化網(wǎng)絡(luò)中,三老扮演著重要的角色。 第四章,“教化與察舉制度的關(guān)系”,分析教化與察舉制度的關(guān)系。選官制度作為一種激勵政策,與教化有相通之處。而且,察舉科目中的孝、弟、力田等都屬于基層社會的教化典型。因儒家教化的影響,察舉制度中滲透了許多教化標準;符合教化標準的察舉科目選拔的官吏,往往比較重視地方教化。不過教化畢竟是一種輔政措施,如果察舉不實,就會打破二者相互促進的良性循環(huán),轉(zhuǎn)入形式主義。 第五章,“教化與漢代監(jiān)察制度”,分析教化與監(jiān)察制度的關(guān)系。維護清明的吏治和世風是監(jiān)察官的重要職能,這也是教化的目的之一。漢代具有監(jiān)察職能的循行使者、郡國守相、縣級長吏乃至鄉(xiāng)官里吏,往往具有多種職能。監(jiān)察制度的演變影響了教化的發(fā)展;教化對監(jiān)察制度的影響既有正面的,也有負面的。 第六章,“教化與漢代刑罰制度”,分析教化與刑罰制度的關(guān)系。漢代教化與法律、刑罰制度的關(guān)系是學術(shù)界討論的熱點話題,但論者往往著眼于教化與刑罰制度的互動,忽視了二者的地位在兩漢的發(fā)展演變�！蔼z訟止息”是漢代教化的理想境界,但是“厭訟”習俗容易粉飾太平,掩蓋實際矛盾,導致矛盾激化,使刑罰制度失效。輕視刑罰制度而偏重儒家教化,使得執(zhí)法官吏在判案過程中,既有可能表現(xiàn)出人性化的一面,又有可能“循禮”而不“守法”,導致復仇之風盛行。 第七章,“教化與漢代社會風俗”,分析教化與風俗演變的關(guān)系。儒家教化與地方風俗的關(guān)系正是雅文化與俗文化的關(guān)系,二者之間是相互影響,相互滲透的。促進世風更化是教化的終極目的,“教”化儒者心目中的民間“惡俗”為“良風美俗”,促進“六合同風”;固有的風俗使施教者也不能“免俗”,走向教化的反面。教化對民間的奢侈之風、淫祀之風都有顯著的禁絕作用,漢代民間歌謠反映了民眾對教化效果的評價。
[Abstract]:Education is essentially a process of the implementation of the measures. The colonial education, is the ruler on the education standard, penalty system, using one hand Chaju, supervision system and other coercive means against the reactionary forces, get rid of bad habits, on the other hand the use of morality, etiquette and isothermal means to regulate people's behavior, training process and American customs. "" the enlightenment "is a hot issue in academic research in recent twenty years. China history truly nationwide on the" indoctrination "began in the Han Dynasty, from the Han Dynasty onwards, teaching permeates every aspect of national management, through the" follow suit "effect to all sectors of society. Therefore, the research of the Han Dynasty and the rise of civilization, the development of the relationship between the social policy and in practice, to seek enlightenment in the nature of the historical phenomenon in the society for the study of the Han Dynasty Even the whole ancient society has more important academic significance.
Based on as much as possible on the results of previous studies, the system will be "Jiaohua" and the combination of a system, a dynamic investigation, in order to fully understand the education played in the national management, grasp the relationship between education and other systems. This article discusses the following the seven chapter:
The first chapter, the development stage of enlightenment, analysis of education development stage. The Han Dynasty "Enlightenment" concept was first put forward by Confucians, Confucian ethics and etiquette standard is the most commonly used teaching ruler costumes, therefore the development and Enlightenment of Confucianism are inseparable, Confucianism in the course of development of Han Dynasty, it can reflect the development of education we intend to. From the early Western Han Dynasty, the late Western Hanzhoung to the Eastern Han nation before the Eastern Han Dynasty during the period of three division education development stage.
The second chapter, "the enlightenment and economic policy of the Han Dynasty, analyzing the relationship between education and the economic policy." the real rich people "is the premise of the implementation of education, and is one of the original purpose of education. The economic policy of attaching importance to agriculture, and complex policy special groups belong to the category of education. Nature advised agricultural policy set of teaching model" force fields "is a focus of academic debate, we discussed as a key; and enjoy complex social groups set in rural society, including the village education division Sanlao, the elderly, women and other vulnerable groups, as well as the development of Confucian education and the selection of doctor students. The privileged is not within the scope of our discussion.
The third chapter, "cultural and policy" of the Han Dynasty, analysis of the relationship between education and educational policy in the Han Dynasty. As the enlightenment theory source of Confucianism in the Han Dynasty is the new Confucianism integrated the theory of various pre Qin Confucianism, the formation of the situation and promote the development of education theory in Han Dynasty, Confucian officials as the subjectivity of teaching has always been the focus of academic the Han Dynasty between the Confucianism development and Enlightenment has close relationship, so the Enlightenment of Confucianism from the school of education in the theory of talent shows itself is an inevitable social development. The rapid development of Confucianism should be attributed to the education, including official education and private education. "Teaching" includes education, education is the main way to achieve "more". The prosperity of Confucian education promotes the formation of "Jiaohua" network. In the network education, people play an important role.
The fourth chapter, "the relationship between" education and the appointment system, analysis of the relationship between education and the appointment system. The system of selecting officials as an incentive policy, there are similarities and enlightenment. Moreover, two subjects in the filial piety, brother, force fields belong to the grassroots community education. Due to the impact of typical Confucian, Chaju contains many educational standards; meet the selection criteria of the election subject education officials, often pay more attention to local education. But the education is a colonial measures, if the election is not real, it will break the two virtuous cycle of mutual promotion, into the formalism.
The fifth chapter, "the enlightenment and supervision system of the Han Dynasty," analysis of the relationship between education and supervision system. To maintain good officials and public morals is an important function of the Ombudsman, one of which is the purpose of enlightenment. The Han Dynasty has the function of supervision emissaries, Junguo observe, Changli County and Xiang Guan Li Li, often have a variety of the evolution of supervision system functions. The influence of the development of education; civilizing influence on supervision system are both positive and also negative.
The sixth chapter, "the enlightenment and punishment system of the Han Dynasty, analysis of the relationship between education and punishment system. Education and legal relationship between the Han Dynasty, the penalty system is a hot topic in academia, but the interaction often focus on education and punishment system, ignoring the evolution in the development of two Chinese two" prison status. First stop is the ideal state of "Jiaohua", but "boredom" custom to whitewash, cover up the real contradictions, leading to conflicts, the penalty system failure. The penal system and the emphasis on Confucian contempt, made the law enforcement officials in the trial process, can show the human side, and possible courtesy "instead of" the law ", lead to revenge in vogue.
The seventh chapter, "the enlightenment and social customs in Han Dynasty", analysis of the relationship between culture and customs. The relationship between Confucian culture and the evolution of local customs is the relation between culture and civilization, between the two is mutual influence, mutual penetration of world wind. Promote more is the ultimate purpose of Enlightenment, "teaching" of the Confucian mind the folk "vulgar" to "good customs", to promote the "six contract wind"; customs make teachers also can not escape, toward the opposite of enlightenment. Enlightenment of folk extravagance, Yinsi wind has not significant effect, the Han Dynasty folk songs reflect the public the evaluation of the teaching effect.

【學位授予單位】：山東大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：K234

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)博士學位論文 前3條

1 王晴;從“教化”到“培育”[D];華東師范大學;2011年

2 郭海燕;漢代平民教育研究[D];山東大學;2011年

3 王瑞山;中國傳統(tǒng)社會治安思想研究[D];華東政法大學;2012年

相關(guān)碩士學位論文 前5條

1 楊丹;隱性課程視角下漢代儒師形象研究[D];中南大學;2010年

2 王繁;東漢儒、道思想與社會風俗[D];山東師范大學;2012年

3 謝鶯;兩漢時期“教化”到魏晉時期“名教”的演變[D];江西師范大學;2012年

4 胡海濤;漢代私學教育及特點[D];青海師范大學;2012年

5 劉濤;從“黨錮之禍”看東漢經(jīng)學教育對士人政治參與意識的影響[D];華東師范大學;2012年

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本文編號：1470966