本文主要根據(jù)約翰·亞當斯的《政府的思考》和《為美國政府憲法的辯護》兩部作品探討他關(guān)于政府的思想及其思想來源和影響。本文首先簡要介紹了亞當斯這兩部作品的寫作時期（十八世紀六十年代到八十年代）美國和歐洲的社會歷史背景,意在從社會和歷史的角度更好地理解亞當斯作品中所闡述的關(guān)于政府的思想。亞當斯通過批判法國文人圖爾果（Turgot）提出來的“美國革命時期憲法中的權(quán)力相互制衡是一味的模仿英國憲法,而這種制衡在美國這樣一個平等社會無用武之地”等觀點,闡明了自己對于政府的看法。他強調(diào)“法治而不是人治的政府”,他認為所有的憲法都必須建立在以下三個重要原則的基礎(chǔ)上:第一,代議制;第二,立法、行政和司法三權(quán)分立;第三,混合和制衡的立法機構(gòu)。亞當斯關(guān)于這些原則的思考與他對人性,平等和美德等觀點的看法是不可分割的。亞當斯對人性的看法很現(xiàn)實,他相信人類能夠舉止善良,但也會非常邪惡。他認為只有憲法這種制度化的手段才能控制并利用人們的“激情”。亞當斯認為社會中的不平等是不可避免的,因此不可避免的會產(chǎn)生“天生的貴族”。亞當斯希望能夠利用憲法明智地運用管理這些人,同時也不要讓他們干涉人民的權(quán)利。他的解決辦法就是將他們同... 

【文章頁數(shù)】：70 頁

【學(xué)位級別】：碩士

【文章目錄】：
Chapter 1 Introduction
    1.1 The scope and purpose of the thesis
    1.2 The method of the study
    1.3 Literature review
    1.4 Organization of the thesis
Chapter 2 The social and historical context of Adams’s works
    2.1 The social and historical context from 1776 to 1787
    2.2 The immediate context of John Adams’s works
    2.3 A brief overview of John Adams’s roles during the War for Independence and the formation of the new republic
Chapter 3 John Adams’s ideas on government
    3.1 John Adams’s definition of basic concepts of government
        3.1.1 The end of government
        3.1.2 The best form of government
            3.1.2.1 The critique of simple government
            3.1.2.2 Republican government
    3.2 John Adams’s ideas on the essential principles of government
        3.2.1 Representation
        3.2.2 Separation of powers
        3.2.3 Mixed and balanced government
    3.3 Other aspects of John Adams’s ideas on government
        3.3.1 John Adams’s ideas on human nature and its relevance to constitution making
        3.3.2 John Adams’s ideas on public virtue
        3.3.3 John Adams’s views on inequality and aristocracy
Chapter 4 Sources of John Adams’s political ideas
    4.1 The heritage from the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
        4.1.1 Influence of Lockean epistemology and political philosophy of John Lock
        4.1.2 Methodology of Francis Bacon and Isaac Newton
    4.2 Influence of Machiavelli’s political thoughts
    4.3 Influence of James Harrington’s political ideas on government
    4.4 Influence of the colonial politics of the eighteenth century
    4.5 The social reality of the revolutionary era
Chapter 5 The embodiment of John Adams’s ideas on government and his contributions
    5.1 The embodiment of Adams’s ideas on government in the Massachusetts Constitution
    5.2 Adams’s contributions to the constitution making
Chapter 6 Conclusion
Bibliography



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