本文主要根據(jù)約翰·亞當(dāng)斯的《政府的思考》和《為美國(guó)政府憲法的辯護(hù)》兩部作品探討他關(guān)于政府的思想及其思想來(lái)源和影響。本文首先簡(jiǎn)要介紹了亞當(dāng)斯這兩部作品的寫作時(shí)期（十八世紀(jì)六十年代到八十年代）美國(guó)和歐洲的社會(huì)歷史背景,意在從社會(huì)和歷史的角度更好地理解亞當(dāng)斯作品中所闡述的關(guān)于政府的思想。亞當(dāng)斯通過(guò)批判法國(guó)文人圖爾果（Turgot）提出來(lái)的“美國(guó)革命時(shí)期憲法中的權(quán)力相互制衡是一味的模仿英國(guó)憲法,而這種制衡在美國(guó)這樣一個(gè)平等社會(huì)無(wú)用武之地”等觀點(diǎn),闡明了自己對(duì)于政府的看法。他強(qiáng)調(diào)“法治而不是人治的政府”,他認(rèn)為所有的憲法都必須建立在以下三個(gè)重要原則的基礎(chǔ)上:第一,代議制;第二,立法、行政和司法三權(quán)分立;第三,混合和制衡的立法機(jī)構(gòu)。亞當(dāng)斯關(guān)于這些原則的思考與他對(duì)人性,平等和美德等觀點(diǎn)的看法是不可分割的。亞當(dāng)斯對(duì)人性的看法很現(xiàn)實(shí),他相信人類能夠舉止善良,但也會(huì)非常邪惡。他認(rèn)為只有憲法這種制度化的手段才能控制并利用人們的“激情”。亞當(dāng)斯認(rèn)為社會(huì)中的不平等是不可避免的,因此不可避免的會(huì)產(chǎn)生“天生的貴族”。亞當(dāng)斯希望能夠利用憲法明智地運(yùn)用管理這些人,同時(shí)也不要讓他們干涉人民的權(quán)利。他的解決辦法就是將他們同... 

【文章頁(yè)數(shù)】：70 頁(yè)

【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士

【文章目錄】：
Chapter 1 Introduction
    1.1 The scope and purpose of the thesis
    1.2 The method of the study
    1.3 Literature review
    1.4 Organization of the thesis
Chapter 2 The social and historical context of Adams’s works
    2.1 The social and historical context from 1776 to 1787
    2.2 The immediate context of John Adams’s works
    2.3 A brief overview of John Adams’s roles during the War for Independence and the formation of the new republic
Chapter 3 John Adams’s ideas on government
    3.1 John Adams’s definition of basic concepts of government
        3.1.1 The end of government
        3.1.2 The best form of government
            3.1.2.1 The critique of simple government
            3.1.2.2 Republican government
    3.2 John Adams’s ideas on the essential principles of government
        3.2.1 Representation
        3.2.2 Separation of powers
        3.2.3 Mixed and balanced government
    3.3 Other aspects of John Adams’s ideas on government
        3.3.1 John Adams’s ideas on human nature and its relevance to constitution making
        3.3.2 John Adams’s ideas on public virtue
        3.3.3 John Adams’s views on inequality and aristocracy
Chapter 4 Sources of John Adams’s political ideas
    4.1 The heritage from the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
        4.1.1 Influence of Lockean epistemology and political philosophy of John Lock
        4.1.2 Methodology of Francis Bacon and Isaac Newton
    4.2 Influence of Machiavelli’s political thoughts
    4.3 Influence of James Harrington’s political ideas on government
    4.4 Influence of the colonial politics of the eighteenth century
    4.5 The social reality of the revolutionary era
Chapter 5 The embodiment of John Adams’s ideas on government and his contributions
    5.1 The embodiment of Adams’s ideas on government in the Massachusetts Constitution
    5.2 Adams’s contributions to the constitution making
Chapter 6 Conclusion
Bibliography



本文編號(hào)：3651394