【摘要】：俄國(guó)在克里米亞戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的慘敗，使沙俄失去了多年來(lái)?yè)碛械臍W洲反動(dòng)勢(shì)力首腦地位，黑海中立，沙俄在巴爾干地區(qū)也由戰(zhàn)略擴(kuò)張被迫轉(zhuǎn)為戰(zhàn)略防守。尤其是普法戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后，歐洲形成均勢(shì)，國(guó)際矛盾的焦點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移至亞洲。為了滿足國(guó)內(nèi)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)擴(kuò)大商品傾銷市場(chǎng)和原料產(chǎn)地的要求，19世紀(jì)80年代，沙俄國(guó)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)主張加強(qiáng)對(duì)東方控制的所謂“東方派”，，不斷鼓吹中國(guó)東北、朝鮮對(duì)俄國(guó)的重要性，叫囂俄國(guó)要征服東方，乃至整個(gè)亞洲。因此，為補(bǔ)償在近東遭受的損失，俄國(guó)開(kāi)始改變對(duì)外政策的方向，不斷向中亞，尤其是遠(yuǎn)東地區(qū)展開(kāi)大舉進(jìn)攻。在中亞，俄國(guó)占領(lǐng)了浩罕、布哈拉和希瓦三汗國(guó)，勢(shì)力深入阿富汗，嚴(yán)重威脅英屬印度殖民地；在遠(yuǎn)東，俄國(guó)借英、法發(fā)動(dòng)第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之機(jī)，將勢(shì)力深入中國(guó)黑龍江流域，并與日本圍繞千島群島和庫(kù)頁(yè)島展開(kāi)激烈爭(zhēng)奪。俄國(guó)對(duì)外戰(zhàn)略越來(lái)越多地關(guān)注東方，歷經(jīng)亞歷山大二世、亞歷山大三世和尼古拉二世三代沙皇不斷向遠(yuǎn)東推進(jìn)，東方政策逐漸形成。19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初，日本在遠(yuǎn)東的崛起以及列強(qiáng)對(duì)遠(yuǎn)東爭(zhēng)奪的加劇，使俄國(guó)的戰(zhàn)略重心完全轉(zhuǎn)移到東方，并制定了“給西方以和平，給東方以戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)”的戰(zhàn)略方針。俄國(guó)與日本在中國(guó)東北和朝鮮的爭(zhēng)奪，最終導(dǎo)致日俄戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的爆發(fā)。
[Abstract]:Russia's fiasco in the Crimean War deprived Russia of its position as head of European reactionary forces for many years, neutral in the Black Sea, and forced to switch from strategic expansion to strategic defense in the Balkans. Especially after the Franco-Prussian War, Europe formed a balance of power, and the focus of international contradictions shifted to Asia. In order to meet the requirements of the domestic bourgeoisie to expand the commodity dumping market and the origin of raw materials, in the 1880s, a so-called "oriental faction" advocated strengthening control over the east, constantly advocating the importance of northeast China and North Korea to Russia, and clamoring that Russia should conquer the east and even Asia as a whole. Therefore, in order to compensate for the losses suffered in the near East, Russia began to change the direction of its foreign policy and continue to attack Central Asia, especially the far East. In Central Asia, Russia occupied Haohan, Bukhara and Shiva, and went deep into Afghanistan and seriously threatened the British Indian colonies. In the far East, Russia took advantage of the second Opium War between Britain and France to deepen the Heilongjiang River Basin of China and compete fiercely with Japan over the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin Island. Russia's foreign strategy pays more and more attention to the east. After Alexander II, Alexander III and Nicholas II three generations of czars continue to advance to the far East, the eastern policy is gradually formed. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the rise of Japan in the far East and the intensification of the competition for the far East by the great powers completely shifted Russia's strategic focus to the east, and formulated the strategic policy of "giving peace to the West and war to the East." The competition between Russia and Japan in Northeast China and North Korea eventually led to the outbreak of the Japanese-Russian War.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：黑龍江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K512

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