【摘要】： 弗雷德里克·杰克遜·特納(1861-1932),美國近代邊疆學派創(chuàng)立人。1893年7月12日,特納在芝加哥舉行的美國歷史協會年會上宣讀了著名的《邊疆在美國歷史上的重要性》一文,提出了“邊疆假說”。他創(chuàng)立的這一“活動邊疆”學說不僅對美國史學研究產生了深遠的影響,而且對十九世紀末二十世紀初美國對外擴張政策的制定也起到了重要的作用。因為特納的假說中貫穿了一種擴張主義思想,宣告美國之向新領土擴張乃美國歷史發(fā)展的“天定命論”,從而宣稱擴張政策是美國過去、現在和將來發(fā)展的基本規(guī)律。它不僅為美國的擴張主義提供了理論依據,而且也在制造輿論,似乎美國的擴張是正當的和不可避免的,并借對外擴張來緩和國內矛盾。自從十九世紀末,“邊疆假說”有哪些發(fā)展演變,它對美國對外擴張政策產生了哪些深遠的影響,這是本文試圖探討的問題。 本文共分兩部分,第一部分講述理論,即“邊疆假說”的內容與其產生的社會歷史背景。1890年美國國內“邊疆”的消失、1893年的經濟危機使其民主和繁榮呈現衰落的趨勢、經濟的進一步擴張要求為其剩余產品和資金尋找更多的海外市場和更廉價的原料供應等一系列嚴重的社會問題使美國的國內形勢變得日趨嚴峻。在這種危機形勢下,特納發(fā)表了那篇體現其歷史哲學觀的論文,借以從歷史的角度來闡釋美國正在發(fā)生的一切。擴張、個人主義和民主制度是這位宣揚美國獨特性的歷史學家在其“邊疆假說”中提出的要點。另外一些著名歷史學家如布魯克斯·亞當斯,艾爾弗雷德·T·馬漢,威廉·松納等也紛紛站出來,不斷對這一歷史上的擴張哲學加以辯護、擴展和引申。 第二部分講述海外擴張實踐�！斑吔僬f”的創(chuàng)始人和追隨者不僅為美國的對外擴張?zhí)峁┝死碚撘罁?而且還協助美國統治集團制定對外擴張政策。深受影響的美國當政人物,如威廉·麥金來,西奧多·羅斯福,伍德羅·威爾遜等不斷把這一學說具體運用到對外政策制定當中去。美國的海外擴張不但為了市場和原料,而且為了轉移國內經濟危機,防止國內發(fā)生革命運動,爭奪世界工業(yè)霸權,成為國際霸主。這種打著“為了傳播基督文明、自由和民主”口號的海外擴張既適應美國資本主義經濟發(fā)展的需要,又迎合了美國歷屆政府對外擴張政策的需要。 然而,這種危險的擴張哲學遭到越來越多的史學家的批評,如查爾斯·比爾德,理查德·霍夫斯塔特等。贊成與批評這兩種截然不同的觀點令我們從不同角度了解“邊疆假說”及其對美國歷史的影響。
[Abstract]:Fredrik Jackson Turner (1861 / 1932), founder of the Modern Frontier School in the United States. July 12, 1893. Turner read out the famous "the importance of Frontier in American History" at the annual meeting of the American History Association in Chicago, and put forward the Frontier hypothesis. The theory of "active frontier" he founded not only had a profound influence on the study of American historiography, but also played an important role in the formulation of American foreign expansion policy at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Because Turner's hypothesis runs through a kind of expansionist thought, proclaiming that the expansion of the United States to the new territory is the "natural destiny theory" of the historical development of the United States, thus claiming that the expansion policy is the basic law of the past, present and future development of the United States. It not only provides a theoretical basis for American expansionism, but also creates public opinion. It seems that the expansion of the United States is legitimate and inevitable, and foreign expansion is used to ease domestic contradictions. Since the end of the 19th century, the development and evolution of the Frontier hypothesis and its far-reaching impact on the foreign expansion policy of the United States are the issues that this paper attempts to explore. This paper is divided into two parts. The first part describes the theory, that is, the content of the Frontier hypothesis and its social and historical background. The disappearance of the "Frontier" in the United States in 1890 and the economic crisis of 1893 made its democracy and prosperity decline. Further economic expansion requires a series of serious social problems, such as finding more overseas markets and cheaper supplies of raw materials for its surplus products and funds, making the domestic situation in the United States more and more serious. In this crisis situation, Turner published a paper reflecting his historical philosophy to explain what is happening in the United States from a historical point of view. Expansion, individualism and democracy are the main points put forward by the historian who preaches American uniqueness in his Frontier hypothesis. Other famous historians, such as Brooks Adams, Alfred T Mahan, William Sonner and so on, have also come forward to defend, expand and extend this historical philosophy of expansion. The second part describes the practice of overseas expansion. The founder and follower of the Frontier hypothesis not only provides a theoretical basis for the foreign expansion of the United States, but also assists the American ruling groups in formulating their foreign expansion policies. Influenced American politicians, such as William Mackinley, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and so on, continue to apply this theory to foreign policy making. The overseas expansion of the United States is not only for the market and raw materials, but also to transfer the domestic economic crisis, prevent the domestic revolutionary movement, compete for world industrial hegemony, and become the international hegemon. This overseas expansion, under the slogan "in order to spread Christian civilization, freedom and democracy", not only meets the needs of the development of capitalist economy in the United States, but also caters to the needs of the foreign expansion policies of successive American governments. However, this dangerous philosophy of expansion has been criticized by more and more historians, such as Charles Bild, Richard Hofstadt and so on. The two different views of approval and criticism make us understand the Frontier hypothesis and its influence on American history from different angles.
【學位授予單位】：對外經濟貿易大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：K712.4

【引證文獻】

相關碩士學位論文 前1條

1 徐占輝;弗雷德里克·杰克遜·特納史學探析[D];江西師范大學;2010年

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本文編號：2490752