德國啟蒙運動與民族思想之萌芽
發(fā)布時間：2019-04-16 17:21
【摘要】：啟蒙運動,是世界文化史上繼文藝復(fù)興之后又一場思想解放運動。它以“理性”為標(biāo)志,追求“自由、平等、民主、寬容”的思想原則,在對封建專制制度和天主教會進行口誅筆伐的同時,也對未來的資本主義社會藍圖進行了展望和描繪。這場聲勢浩大的思想文化運動發(fā)源于英國,繁盛于法國,后來在德國進一步達到思想的綜合和理論的成熟。 與英、法等國相比,德國啟蒙運動起步晚,但取得的思想理論成果卻絲毫不亞于它們,尤其是在哲學(xué)、文學(xué)等方面。德國啟蒙運動作為整個歐洲啟蒙運動的一部分,基于其特殊的歷史背景和社會條件,表現(xiàn)出德意志獨有的思想特征,如浪漫主義、民族主義等等。這些特征不僅對歐洲傳統(tǒng)啟蒙理性產(chǎn)生了巨大沖擊,更對德國歷史發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了深遠的影響。 德國啟蒙運動時期主要包括了18世紀(jì)20年代到70年代這半個多世紀(jì)的時間,如果算上托馬西烏斯、萊布尼茨等早期啟蒙思想家以及浪漫主義運動時期,前可以追溯到17世紀(jì)末,后可延伸至19世紀(jì)初。由此,可以把德國啟蒙運動劃分為三個發(fā)展階段:17世紀(jì)末到18世紀(jì)初是早期啟蒙階段,側(cè)重于德意志文化自信的構(gòu)建;18世紀(jì)中期以后,德國啟蒙運動進入繁榮發(fā)展時期,啟蒙思想家從不同角度對傳統(tǒng)的理性主義進行自我反思和批判,并且提出了適合德意志民族自己的啟蒙理論,德國特有的文化民族主義萌生出來;18世紀(jì)末到19世紀(jì)初,啟蒙運動在“狂飆突進”的推動下跨入了浪漫主義階段,啟蒙運動與德國民族主義聯(lián)系更加緊密,并最終促使德國文化民族主義形成,為日后德意志政治統(tǒng)一奠定了思想基礎(chǔ)�？傊�,在這一系列的發(fā)展變化之中,德國啟蒙運動一步步地走向成熟:啟蒙思想家立足于德國自身實際,一方面對歐洲傳統(tǒng)理性主義進行廣泛傳播和深入反思,另一方面也從未停止對構(gòu)建德意志民族國家的探索,最終完成了傳播啟蒙思想與構(gòu)建民族國家的雙重任務(wù)。 由于德國政治上長期分裂割據(jù),導(dǎo)致德國資本主義經(jīng)濟發(fā)展緩慢,資產(chǎn)階級實力不強。因此德國啟蒙思想家不能像英法思想家那樣廣泛探討政治、法律等社會問題,而是在哲學(xué)、文學(xué)、教育和音樂等文化領(lǐng)域進行一系列的變革運動。德國啟蒙運動在對理性主義反思的基礎(chǔ)之上,形成了浪漫主義思潮和相伴而生的民族思想之萌芽。它推動了德意志民族主義的發(fā)展和民族國家的建立,體現(xiàn)了德國近代社會轉(zhuǎn)型的獨特道路。
[Abstract]:Enlightenment is another ideological liberation movement after the Renaissance in the history of world culture. It takes "reason" as the symbol, pursues the ideological principle of "freedom, equality, democracy, tolerance". It not only denounces feudal autocracy and Catholic Church, but also looks forward to the blueprint of capitalist society in the future. This powerful ideological and cultural movement originated in England, flourished in France, and then further reached the integration of ideas and theoretical maturity in Germany. Compared with Britain, France and other countries, Germany's Enlightenment started late, but its ideological and theoretical achievements are no less than those of them, especially in philosophy, literature and so on. As a part of the whole European Enlightenment Movement, the German Enlightenment Movement shows its unique ideological characteristics, such as romanticism, nationalism and so on, on the basis of its special historical background and social conditions. These characteristics not only have a great impact on the traditional enlightenment rationality in Europe, but also have a far-reaching influence on the development of German history. The period of the German Enlightenment mainly included more than half a century from the 1820s to the 1970s. If the early enlightenment thinkers such as Tomasius, Leibniz and the Romantic movement were taken into account, they could be traced back to the end of the 17th century. It can be extended to the beginning of the 19th century. Therefore, the German Enlightenment can be divided into three stages of development: the end of the 17th century to the beginning of the 18th century is the early stage of enlightenment, focusing on the construction of German cultural self-confidence; After the middle of the 18th century, the Enlightenment of Germany entered a period of prosperity and development. Enlightening thinkers reflected and criticized the traditional rationalism from different angles, and put forward the enlightenment theory suitable for the German nation itself. German unique cultural nationalism emerged; From the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century, the Enlightenment entered the stage of romanticism under the impetus of the "raging forward". The Enlightenment became more closely connected with German nationalism, and eventually promoted the formation of German cultural nationalism. It laid the ideological foundation for the political unity of Germany in the future. In short, in this series of developments and changes, the German Enlightenment is becoming mature step by step: enlightening thinkers based on Germany's own reality, on the one hand, widely spread and in-depth reflection on European traditional rationalism. On the other hand, it has never stopped exploring the construction of German nation-state, and finally completed the dual task of spreading enlightenment thought and constructing nation-state. Because of the long-term separation of German politics, the capitalist economy of Germany developed slowly, and the bourgeoisie's strength was not strong. Therefore, German enlightening thinkers can not discuss political, legal and other social problems as widely as Anglo-French thinkers, but carry out a series of change movements in philosophy, literature, education and music and other cultural fields. On the basis of reflection on rationalism, German Enlightenment formed the rudiment of romanticism and accompanying national thought. It promoted the development of German nationalism and the establishment of nation-state, and embodied the unique road of the transformation of German modern society.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湘潭大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K516
本文編號：2458957
[Abstract]:Enlightenment is another ideological liberation movement after the Renaissance in the history of world culture. It takes "reason" as the symbol, pursues the ideological principle of "freedom, equality, democracy, tolerance". It not only denounces feudal autocracy and Catholic Church, but also looks forward to the blueprint of capitalist society in the future. This powerful ideological and cultural movement originated in England, flourished in France, and then further reached the integration of ideas and theoretical maturity in Germany. Compared with Britain, France and other countries, Germany's Enlightenment started late, but its ideological and theoretical achievements are no less than those of them, especially in philosophy, literature and so on. As a part of the whole European Enlightenment Movement, the German Enlightenment Movement shows its unique ideological characteristics, such as romanticism, nationalism and so on, on the basis of its special historical background and social conditions. These characteristics not only have a great impact on the traditional enlightenment rationality in Europe, but also have a far-reaching influence on the development of German history. The period of the German Enlightenment mainly included more than half a century from the 1820s to the 1970s. If the early enlightenment thinkers such as Tomasius, Leibniz and the Romantic movement were taken into account, they could be traced back to the end of the 17th century. It can be extended to the beginning of the 19th century. Therefore, the German Enlightenment can be divided into three stages of development: the end of the 17th century to the beginning of the 18th century is the early stage of enlightenment, focusing on the construction of German cultural self-confidence; After the middle of the 18th century, the Enlightenment of Germany entered a period of prosperity and development. Enlightening thinkers reflected and criticized the traditional rationalism from different angles, and put forward the enlightenment theory suitable for the German nation itself. German unique cultural nationalism emerged; From the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century, the Enlightenment entered the stage of romanticism under the impetus of the "raging forward". The Enlightenment became more closely connected with German nationalism, and eventually promoted the formation of German cultural nationalism. It laid the ideological foundation for the political unity of Germany in the future. In short, in this series of developments and changes, the German Enlightenment is becoming mature step by step: enlightening thinkers based on Germany's own reality, on the one hand, widely spread and in-depth reflection on European traditional rationalism. On the other hand, it has never stopped exploring the construction of German nation-state, and finally completed the dual task of spreading enlightenment thought and constructing nation-state. Because of the long-term separation of German politics, the capitalist economy of Germany developed slowly, and the bourgeoisie's strength was not strong. Therefore, German enlightening thinkers can not discuss political, legal and other social problems as widely as Anglo-French thinkers, but carry out a series of change movements in philosophy, literature, education and music and other cultural fields. On the basis of reflection on rationalism, German Enlightenment formed the rudiment of romanticism and accompanying national thought. It promoted the development of German nationalism and the establishment of nation-state, and embodied the unique road of the transformation of German modern society.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湘潭大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K516
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