【摘要】： 18世紀(jì)中葉——19世紀(jì)中葉是俄國(guó)封建農(nóng)奴制存在的最后階段。商品貨幣經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展使農(nóng)奴制處于總危機(jī)狀態(tài)。這一時(shí)期歐俄農(nóng)民農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)沒有發(fā)生根本性改變,加之自然氣候地理?xiàng)l件因素的影響,農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)依然非常落后。但由于社會(huì)勞動(dòng)分工的發(fā)展,城鄉(xiāng)徹底分離,經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)域化的形成,商品貨幣關(guān)系的發(fā)展,歐俄農(nóng)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)生了顯著變化。 這些變化主要表現(xiàn)為三個(gè)方面:一是,俄國(guó)地主面臨有利的國(guó)內(nèi)外市場(chǎng)條件,加重了對(duì)農(nóng)民的剝削,致使農(nóng)民經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況和地位不斷惡化。農(nóng)民與地主矛盾日益加劇,農(nóng)民反抗的浪潮一浪高過一浪。二是,隨著商品貨幣關(guān)系的發(fā)展和俄國(guó)資本主義因素的增長(zhǎng),歐俄農(nóng)民經(jīng)濟(jì)一改以往相對(duì)與世隔絕、自給自足的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀態(tài),加強(qiáng)了與市場(chǎng)的聯(lián)系。三是,農(nóng)民分化的加劇。有的農(nóng)民購(gòu)買土地成為土地所有者,這已經(jīng)成為比較普遍的現(xiàn)象;農(nóng)民外出打工經(jīng)商,從事各種其它職業(yè)加劇了農(nóng)民的分化。俄國(guó)農(nóng)村到處都出現(xiàn)了各種不同的變化。但這種進(jìn)步是以廣大農(nóng)民經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況和地位的惡化為代價(jià)的,只有少數(shù)農(nóng)民地位改善。打工經(jīng)商農(nóng)民與商品貨幣經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展及城市化進(jìn)程聯(lián)系密切。由于歐俄農(nóng)村社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn),廣大農(nóng)民難以擺脫封建關(guān)系的束縛,農(nóng)民分化程度有限,城市化進(jìn)程受阻。 在農(nóng)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)生上述變化的條件下,農(nóng)民爭(zhēng)取權(quán)益的斗爭(zhēng)日益高漲。18世紀(jì)中葉——19世紀(jì)中葉,俄國(guó)歷代沙皇都對(duì)農(nóng)民、農(nóng)民經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)行了多方面、程度不同的政策調(diào)整或者改革,但每次調(diào)整或改革都無法從根本上改變固有的局面,社會(huì)矛盾更加激化。農(nóng)奴制束縛已經(jīng)成為俄國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會(huì)進(jìn)步的嚴(yán)重障礙,對(duì)農(nóng)民、農(nóng)民經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)行根本性的改革,廢除農(nóng)奴制已是歷史的必然。
[Abstract]:The mid-18 th century-19 th century was the last stage of the existence of Russian feudal serfdom. The development of commodity money economy makes serfdom in general crisis state. In this period, the agricultural production technology of farmers in Europe and Russia has not changed fundamentally, combined with the influence of natural climatic and geographical conditions, agricultural production is still very backward. However, due to the development of social division of labor, the complete separation of urban and rural areas, the formation of economic regionalization and the development of commodity and monetary relations, the farmers' economy in Europe and Russia has undergone remarkable changes. These changes were mainly manifested in three aspects: first, the Russian landlords faced favorable market conditions at home and abroad, aggravated the exploitation of peasants, and caused the peasants' economic situation and status to deteriorate. The contradiction between the peasants and the landlords intensified day by day, and the wave of peasant revolt was higher than that of the landlord. Second, with the development of commodity monetary relations and the growth of Russian capitalist factors, the peasant economy of Europe and Russia has changed its economic state of relative isolation and self-sufficiency, and strengthened its relationship with the market. Third, the division of farmers intensified. Some farmers buy land to become landowners, which has become a relatively common phenomenon; farmers go out to work and do business, engaged in various other occupations exacerbated the differentiation of farmers. Various changes have taken place everywhere in the Russian countryside. However, this progress is at the expense of the deterioration of peasants' economic status and status, and only a few farmers' status has improved. Working and doing business with farmers and the development of commodity monetary economy and the process of urbanization are closely related. Because of the characteristics of the social structure in the rural areas of Europe and Russia, it is difficult for the peasants to get rid of the bondage of feudal relations, the differentiation of peasants is limited, and the process of urbanization is blocked. Under the conditions of the above changes in the peasant economy, the struggle for the rights and interests of the peasants was on the rise. In the mid-18th century and the mid-19th century, Russian czars carried out various aspects of the peasant and peasant economy. Different degree of policy adjustment or reform, but every adjustment or reform can not fundamentally change the inherent situation, social contradictions are more intense. The bondage of serfdom has become a serious obstacle to the development of Russian economy and social progress.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：K512.34;F35

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