【摘要】：從公元1042年到1081年,在拜占廷政治領域出現(xiàn)了一個十分引人矚目的歷史現(xiàn)象,即密集的女人統(tǒng)治現(xiàn)象。在不到40年的時間里,鄒伊(Zoe)、塞奧多拉(Theodora)、尤多西婭(Eudokia),以及安娜·達拉森納(Anna Dalassene)先后以女皇身份統(tǒng)治帝國。與以往的女人統(tǒng)治現(xiàn)象比較起來,這一時期的女皇現(xiàn)象有兩個突出特點：一是密集性；二是短暫性。本研究認為,國際環(huán)境和帝國外交理念的變化是造成這些女性統(tǒng)治者不能長期把持政權、實現(xiàn)短暫統(tǒng)治后不得不放棄統(tǒng)治權的重要原因。另一方面,如此密集的女人統(tǒng)治現(xiàn)象不是拜占廷政治史上的偶發(fā)事件,而是帝國政治、經濟和文化在此前兩百多年間漸進式演化之后集中爆發(fā)的結果。 首先,11世紀下半葉迅速衰落的拜占廷皇權是導致拜占廷政局不穩(wěn),女性統(tǒng)治者頻繁上臺的根本原因。將鄒伊、塞奧多拉、尤多西婭以及安娜·達拉森納這四位女皇推上皇位的三股勢力分別是民眾力量、教會力量以及大家族勢力。它們成為此后長期威脅拜占廷皇權的三股政治力量。而它們的發(fā)展壯大與拜占廷經濟的發(fā)展,以及由此而引發(fā)的社會結構的演變密切相關。 其次,拜占廷社會結構演變的結果是拜占廷人文化心態(tài)的變化。拜占廷世俗法和東正教教義先后作出對女性地位的肯定性讓步,對婚姻持積極態(tài)度,并保障已婚女性在財產所有和遺產繼承等方面的法律權利。與此同時,拜占廷的政治文化也由宮廷禮儀式的政治文化演進到家族政治文化,在此影響之下,血親繼承的原則深入人心,已婚女性在家庭中的地位和作用被提升到前所未有的高度。極力維護子女利益的母親形象受到普遍地尊重和贊揚。血親繼承的權力交替理念支持鄒伊和塞奧多拉成為女皇,而在偉大的母親形象的包裝下尤多西婭和安娜·達拉森納可以越過家庭私人畛域進入公共政治領域,成為女皇。 最后,此時密集的女人統(tǒng)治現(xiàn)象也并非短暫的女人執(zhí)政或代理執(zhí)政現(xiàn)象。它是10-11世紀拜占廷女性權力和作用得以普遍提高的集中體現(xiàn)。對于一般平民女性而言,城市生活的再度復興給她們創(chuàng)造了更多地參與經濟活動的機會,她們的生產不再滿足家庭需要而是供市場消費。走出家庭,參與市場生活也使一般平民女性獲得了參與社會生活的機會。公元1042年首都暴動的主力軍正是這樣一群婦女。這是她們參與社會生活的最戲劇化的例證。對于上等階層的女性而言,大家族的再度出現(xiàn)使她們成為延續(xù)家族血脈,實現(xiàn)家族遺產代際傳遞的中堅力量。因此,鄒伊、塞奧多拉、尤多西婭,和安娜·達拉森納的統(tǒng)治雖然短暫,她們施予帝國的影響力卻不可小視。
[Abstract]:From 1042 to 1081, a remarkable historical phenomenon appeared in Byzantine politics, that is, the phenomenon of female domination. In less than 40 years, Zoe (Zoe), Theodora (Theodora), (Eudokia), and Anna Darassenna (Anna Dalassene) ruled the Empire as empress. Compared with the former phenomenon of women's rule, the phenomenon of empress in this period has two outstanding characteristics: one is denseness, the other is transient. This study holds that the changes of the international environment and the concept of imperial diplomacy are the important reasons why these female rulers cannot hold power for a long time and have to give up the ruling power after a short period of rule. On the other hand, such a dense phenomenon of female domination is not an accidental event in Byzantine political history, but the result of a concentrated outbreak of imperial politics, economy, and culture after more than two hundred years of gradual evolution. First, the rapid decline of Byzantine imperial power in the second half of the 11th century was the root cause of Byzantine's political instability and the frequent coming to power of female rulers. The three forces that brought Zoe, Theodora, Yudothea and Anna Darassenner to the throne were the power of the people, the power of the church, and the power of the extended family. They became the three political forces that have long since threatened Byzantine imperial power. Their development is closely related to the development of Byzantine economy and the evolution of social structure. Secondly, the result of the evolution of Byzantine's social structure is the change of Byzantine's cultural mentality. Byzantine secular law and Orthodox doctrine have made affirmative concessions to the status of women, held a positive attitude towards marriage, and guaranteed the legal rights of married women in the aspects of property ownership and inheritance. At the same time, Byzantine's political culture also evolved from the palace ceremonial political culture to the family political culture. Under this influence, the principle of blood relatives' inheritance was deeply rooted in people's hearts. The status and role of married women in the family has been raised to an unprecedented level. The image of a mother who strives to safeguard the interests of her children is universally respected and praised. The idea of power alternation between blood and blood supports Zoe and Theodora to become empress, and Yudocia and Anna Dharasenna can cross the family private domain into public politics and become queen under the great mother image. Finally, the phenomenon of women's rule is not a temporary phenomenon of women ruling or proxy governance. It is a concentrated embodiment of the general improvement of the power and role of Byzantine women in the 10-11 th century. For civilian women in general, the resurgence of urban life has created more opportunities for economic participation, and their production is no longer for household needs but for market consumption. Going out of the family and taking part in market life also give ordinary women the opportunity to participate in social life. The main force of the capital riots of 1042 AD was such a group of women. This is the most dramatic example of their participation in social life. For the women of the upper class, the reappearance of the large family makes them become the backbone of the family lineage and the intergenerational transmission of the family heritage. Therefore, the reign of Zoe, Theodora, Yudothea, and Anna Dharasenaar, though short, their influence on the Empire cannot be underestimated.
【學位授予單位】：南開大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：K134

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