【摘要】： 貴族是俄國(guó)古老的社會(huì)上層等級(jí),始終與國(guó)家政權(quán)保持著緊密的關(guān)系,長(zhǎng)期是俄羅斯國(guó)家和沙皇專制制度的社會(huì)支柱,也是其最大受益者。然而自18世紀(jì)下半期起,在西方啟蒙精神的沖擊下,這個(gè)特權(quán)等級(jí)中卻產(chǎn)生了俄國(guó)專制制度的第一批反對(duì)者,并成為19世紀(jì)俄國(guó)各種革命活動(dòng)的倡導(dǎo)者和組織者。俄國(guó)大改革以后,貴族等級(jí)在經(jīng)濟(jì)上雖因農(nóng)奴解放、資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)沖擊而分化衰落,然而作為個(gè)人,大部分貴族則成功地融入其他社會(huì)階層和職業(yè)群體之中。而在政治上,俄國(guó)貴族等級(jí)的政治活躍性在這一時(shí)期明顯下降,甚至對(duì)受到革命沖擊的沙皇政權(quán)冷漠旁觀。到20世紀(jì)初,已失去貴族這一社會(huì)支柱的沙皇政權(quán)在社會(huì)危機(jī)加劇的情況下,對(duì)專制權(quán)力這一根本問題上仍拒絕退讓,最終為人民革命所推翻。而作為原有統(tǒng)治階層的貴族,自然無(wú)法全身而退,也在革命的打擊下歸于滅亡。 本文共分為六個(gè)部分: 第一部分,俄國(guó)貴族的起源與演變。 第二部分,十八世紀(jì)下半期俄國(guó)貴族的社會(huì)心理變化。 第三部分,貴族革命——十二月黨人起義。 第四部分,大改革后貴族等級(jí)的衰落。 第五部分,貴族與20世紀(jì)初的革命。 第六部分,結(jié)論。 創(chuàng)新之處在于:本文系統(tǒng)地論述了俄國(guó)貴族的演變,及其與革命的相互關(guān)系,排除對(duì)貴族的等級(jí)偏見,給予俄國(guó)革命時(shí)期的貴族以客觀的評(píng)價(jià)。
[Abstract]:The aristocrat is the ancient upper class of Russian society and always maintains close relations with the state power. It has long been the social pillar and the biggest beneficiary of the Russian state and the czarist autocratic system. However, since the second half of the 18th century, under the impact of the western enlightenment spirit, the first opponents of the Russian autocratic system have emerged in this privileged class, and they have become the initiators and organizers of various revolutionary activities in Russia in the 19th century. After the Russian Great Reformation, although the aristocracy was divided and declined because of the liberation of serfs and the impact of capitalist economy, as individuals, most of the aristocrats were successfully integrated into other social strata and professional groups. In politics, the political activity of the Russian aristocracy declined obviously in this period, even indifferent to the revolutionary czar regime. At the beginning of the 20th century, the czar regime, which had lost the aristocrat as a social pillar, refused to give way to the fundamental issue of autocratic power under the condition of the aggravation of the social crisis, and was finally overthrown by the people's revolution. As the original ruling class of aristocrats, naturally unable to retreat, but also under the blow of the revolution to perish. This paper is divided into six parts: the first part, the origin and evolution of Russian aristocracy. The second part, the social and psychological changes of Russian aristocracy in the second half of the eighteenth century. The third part, the aristocratic revolution-the Communist Party uprising in December. The fourth part, the decline of the aristocracy after the Great Reform. The fifth part, aristocrats and the revolution in the early 20 th century. The sixth part, conclusion. The innovation lies in: this paper systematically discusses the evolution of the Russian aristocrats and their relationship with the revolution, eliminates the hierarchy bias against the nobility, and gives an objective evaluation to the nobles in the period of the Russian Revolution.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號(hào)】：K512.46

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本文編號(hào)：2371130