發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-12-09 11:06

【摘要】： 沙皇俄國國家預(yù)算赤字化問題嚴(yán)重,其國家預(yù)算長期赤字的原因主要是因?yàn)槠滠娛轮С�、政府行政部門支出和債務(wù)支出給國家財(cái)政帶來了沉重的負(fù)擔(dān),并最終導(dǎo)致了國家預(yù)算的長期赤字。此外,沙皇政府為了隱瞞國家財(cái)政存在的問題,通過雙預(yù)算制度刻意營造國家預(yù)算盈余的假象,其主要目的是為了向外國投資者和銀行家們表明俄國財(cái)政是健康發(fā)展的,投資或放貸于俄國的資金是安全的。俄國人民的稅收負(fù)擔(dān)從維什涅格拉德斯基擔(dān)任俄國財(cái)政大臣開始變得愈加沉重,而且這種近乎于苛刻的稅收政策無不被維特、科科夫佐夫和巴爾克這些后任財(cái)政大臣所采用。俄國國家的軍事支出、政府行政支出和債務(wù)支出都屬于政府非生產(chǎn)性支出,這些支出的比重占國家預(yù)算總額的近90%,而那些涉及到普通民眾的文化教育支出、醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生支出、社會保障支出的預(yù)算比例則少之甚少。從19世紀(jì)90年代開始,俄國國家財(cái)政對國家工業(yè)的投入開始逐漸加大,這直接導(dǎo)致了俄國在19世紀(jì)末和20世紀(jì)初出現(xiàn)了兩次工業(yè)高漲時(shí)期。但是俄國國家財(cái)政對于國家經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的投入是不平衡的,這就導(dǎo)致了俄國經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域存在著輕重工業(yè)比例不協(xié)調(diào)和工農(nóng)業(yè)比例失調(diào)的嚴(yán)重問題。在所研究時(shí)期,俄國雖然在經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域取得了很多驕人的成績,但是由于俄國國家債務(wù)太多,稅收太重,非生產(chǎn)性支出又十分巨大,這就直接導(dǎo)致了俄國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況極度貧弱,加之俄國政府的軍國主義性質(zhì),使得俄國民眾深受戰(zhàn)爭與貧困之苦,這也直接預(yù)示著沙俄政權(quán)的最終滅亡。
[Abstract]:The problem of the tsarist Russia's national budget deficit is serious. The reason for its long-term national budget deficit is mainly because of its military expenditure, government administration expenditure and debt expenditure, which have placed a heavy burden on the state finances. And ultimately led to a long-term deficit in the state budget. Moreover, in order to conceal the problems existing in the national finances, the tsarist government deliberately created the illusion of a state budget surplus through a dual budget system, the main purpose of which was to show foreign investors and bankers that Russia's finances were developing healthily. It is safe to invest or lend money to Russia. The tax burden on the Russian people began to become heavier as Vishnegradski became Russia's chancellor of the exchequer, and this nearly harsh tax policy was adopted by the later ministers of the exchequer, such as Victor, Kokov and Barque. The Russian state's military expenditure, government administrative expenditure, and debt expenditure are all unproductive government expenditures, which account for nearly 90 percent of the total state budget, while those that involve the general public in terms of education, medical and health care, Social security spending is a small proportion of the budget. Since the 1890s, Russian state finance has gradually increased its investment in state industry, which directly led to two industrial upsurge periods in Russia at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. However, the input of Russian state finance to the national economy is unbalanced, which leads to the serious problems of the imbalance of the proportion of light and heavy industry and the imbalance of industry and agriculture in the field of Russian economy. In the period under study, although Russia has made a lot of remarkable achievements in the economic field, because the Russian state has too many debts, taxes are too heavy, and the non-productive expenditure is very large, this directly leads to the extremely poor and weak state of the Russian national economy. In addition, the militarism of the Russian government made the Russian people suffer from war and poverty, which directly foreshadowed the eventual demise of the Russian regime.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：F815.12;K512.4

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