1884-1914年倫敦湯因比館
發(fā)布時間：2018-11-27 18:15
【摘要】：在1884-1914年的英國,昔日的繁華和輝煌漸漸被各類嚴峻的社會問題所掩蓋,尤其是貧困、失業(yè)等問題十分嚴重,貧富分化越來越嚴重,階級對立日趨顯著,這使英國出現(xiàn)了“衰落之象”。在大英帝國的心臟——倫敦,也出現(xiàn)了這些嚴重的問題。倫敦東區(qū)取代了曼徹斯特成為當時英國貧民窟的典型代表,各類社會矛盾在這里表現(xiàn)得尤為明顯。然而,當時英國以“自由主義”為核心并由自助、互助和濟貧制度構(gòu)成的濟貧體系根本無力應(yīng)對嚴峻的社會問題,使得整個英國社會處于一種高度危險的狀態(tài)。政府應(yīng)對的遲緩無力并不能代表整個英國都對此無動于衷。當時許多著名的社會問題研究者紛紛進行嘗試,來挽救自己的國家。眾多的努力中,以泛宗教人士開展睦鄰活動最為突出。長期的睦鄰實踐,使巴涅特逐步形成了一套完整系統(tǒng)的睦鄰理念,即從思想文化方面著手,通過私人途徑來實現(xiàn)不同階級之間的聯(lián)系與互動,來弱化并減輕階級的對立進而解決社會問題,最終消弭社會危機并實現(xiàn)社會的再生。在這一理念的指導(dǎo)下,以巴涅特為首的睦鄰者組建了世界上第一個睦鄰居所——湯因比館,以此為基地迅速掀起了大規(guī)模的睦鄰活動,使睦鄰運動迎來了新時代。湯因比館在這三十年里進行的睦鄰活動以1900年為界點,前面以文化教育活動為主,后面以開展社會問題調(diào)查和推進社會改革為重點。文化教育活動主要涉及大學(xué)擴展運動、工人教育協(xié)會、研討班、讀書會與夜校開辦、社團活動、音樂會和藝術(shù)展、學(xué)生公寓和圖書館等等。在湯因比館睦鄰活動的不斷推進中,文化教育活動并未達到預(yù)期的效果。因此,湯因比館的睦鄰活動的重心逐步開始向社會問題調(diào)查和社會改革方面轉(zhuǎn)移,貧民律師運動、租客權(quán)益保護委員會、參與1905年失業(yè)工人法案的頒布與執(zhí)行1902年教育法案等等活動或組織便十分鮮明地呈現(xiàn)出了這一轉(zhuǎn)移。湯因比館的三十年發(fā)展歷程,對睦鄰者和受助者都產(chǎn)生了很大的影響；這一時段正處于英國福利國家的形成和發(fā)展的重要時段,對英國福利制度產(chǎn)生了深遠的影響；再者便是三十年的發(fā)展使社會工作成為了一個重要的行業(yè),并為社區(qū)的發(fā)展提供了重要的參考。
[Abstract]:In Britain from 1884-1914, the prosperity and splendor of the past were gradually obscured by all kinds of severe social problems, especially the problems of poverty and unemployment, the growing polarization between the rich and the poor, and the increasingly marked class antagonism. This gave Britain a "sign of decline". These are serious problems in London, the heart of the British Empire. The East end of London replaced Manchester as a typical example of Britain's slums at the time, where social conflicts were particularly evident. However, at that time, the poverty relief system composed of "liberalism" and self-help, mutual aid and poverty relief system was unable to cope with the severe social problems, which made the whole British society in a highly dangerous state. The government's lacklustre response does not mean that Britain as a whole is indifferent. At that time, many famous social researchers tried to save their country. Among the numerous efforts, the most prominent is the activities of good-neighbourliness carried out by religious people. The long-term practice of good-neighbourliness has led to the gradual formation of a complete and systematic concept of good-neighbourliness in Baniet, that is, from the ideological and cultural point of view, through private channels to realize the connection and interaction between different classes. To weaken and reduce class antagonism and solve social problems, finally eliminate social crisis and realize social regeneration. Under the guidance of this concept, the good-neighbourly people headed by Baniet set up the first good-neighborly residence in the world, the Toynbee Pavilion, on which the large-scale good-neighborly activities were rapidly set off and the good-neighborly movement ushered in a new era. Toynbee Pavilion's good-neighborly activities in the past three decades were based on 1900, mainly on cultural and educational activities, and on social problems investigation and social reform. Cultural and educational activities are mainly related to university expansion campaigns, workers' education associations, seminars, book and evening classes, community activities, concerts and art exhibitions, student apartments and libraries, etc. In the continuous promotion of the Toynbee Pavilion's good-neighborly activities, cultural and educational activities did not achieve the desired results. As a result, the focus of the Toynbee Pavilion's good-neighbourly activities gradually began to shift towards social investigation and social reform, the poor lawyers' movement, the tenants' Rights Protection Committee, Participation in the enactment of the unemployed Workers Act of 1905 and the enforcement of the Education Act of 1902, etc. The three decades of development of Toynbee Pavilion have had a great impact on both the neighbors and the recipients, which is an important period for the formation and development of the British welfare state and has a profound impact on the British welfare system. Furthermore, the development of 30 years has made social work an important industry and provided important reference for the development of the community.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：K561.4
本文編號：2361650
[Abstract]:In Britain from 1884-1914, the prosperity and splendor of the past were gradually obscured by all kinds of severe social problems, especially the problems of poverty and unemployment, the growing polarization between the rich and the poor, and the increasingly marked class antagonism. This gave Britain a "sign of decline". These are serious problems in London, the heart of the British Empire. The East end of London replaced Manchester as a typical example of Britain's slums at the time, where social conflicts were particularly evident. However, at that time, the poverty relief system composed of "liberalism" and self-help, mutual aid and poverty relief system was unable to cope with the severe social problems, which made the whole British society in a highly dangerous state. The government's lacklustre response does not mean that Britain as a whole is indifferent. At that time, many famous social researchers tried to save their country. Among the numerous efforts, the most prominent is the activities of good-neighbourliness carried out by religious people. The long-term practice of good-neighbourliness has led to the gradual formation of a complete and systematic concept of good-neighbourliness in Baniet, that is, from the ideological and cultural point of view, through private channels to realize the connection and interaction between different classes. To weaken and reduce class antagonism and solve social problems, finally eliminate social crisis and realize social regeneration. Under the guidance of this concept, the good-neighbourly people headed by Baniet set up the first good-neighborly residence in the world, the Toynbee Pavilion, on which the large-scale good-neighborly activities were rapidly set off and the good-neighborly movement ushered in a new era. Toynbee Pavilion's good-neighborly activities in the past three decades were based on 1900, mainly on cultural and educational activities, and on social problems investigation and social reform. Cultural and educational activities are mainly related to university expansion campaigns, workers' education associations, seminars, book and evening classes, community activities, concerts and art exhibitions, student apartments and libraries, etc. In the continuous promotion of the Toynbee Pavilion's good-neighborly activities, cultural and educational activities did not achieve the desired results. As a result, the focus of the Toynbee Pavilion's good-neighbourly activities gradually began to shift towards social investigation and social reform, the poor lawyers' movement, the tenants' Rights Protection Committee, Participation in the enactment of the unemployed Workers Act of 1905 and the enforcement of the Education Act of 1902, etc. The three decades of development of Toynbee Pavilion have had a great impact on both the neighbors and the recipients, which is an important period for the formation and development of the British welfare state and has a profound impact on the British welfare system. Furthermore, the development of 30 years has made social work an important industry and provided important reference for the development of the community.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：K561.4
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