【摘要】：中世紀(jì)初期以來(lái),農(nóng)業(yè)的進(jìn)步、手工業(yè)和商業(yè)的發(fā)展帶來(lái)的社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力的提高推動(dòng)了城市的復(fù)興。城市的興起,為行會(huì)的出現(xiàn)和發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)。行會(huì)是城市生活的基本組織,在中世紀(jì)英國(guó)城市的經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治以及社會(huì)生活等方面發(fā)揮了重要作用。在經(jīng)濟(jì)上,行會(huì)的職能主要表現(xiàn)在控制入會(huì)人員,包括入會(huì)時(shí)對(duì)成員的身份、地域和行業(yè)限制,以及成員的晉升限制。在商業(yè)活動(dòng)中的管轄包括規(guī)定商品售賣(mài)的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、價(jià)格等。此外,行會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)作用還表現(xiàn)在對(duì)手工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的控制。政治上,行會(huì)的作用主要是行會(huì)成員能夠成為市政官員,有時(shí)甚至是市長(zhǎng),從而參與市政管理。行會(huì)還能夠組建自己的法庭,處理并決定行會(huì)內(nèi)部以及與本行會(huì)相關(guān)的各種事宜,并構(gòu)成城市法庭的一部分。社會(huì)生活中,行會(huì)的職能主要表現(xiàn)在行會(huì)對(duì)基督教圣人的信仰和紀(jì)念。行會(huì)還承擔(dān)舉辦城市各式慶典,其中游行和盛宴是最引人矚目的部分。除此以外,開(kāi)展社會(huì)慈善與救濟(jì)也是行會(huì)進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)重要社會(huì)活動(dòng),構(gòu)成了中世紀(jì)英國(guó)慈善救濟(jì)的組成部分�？傊�,行會(huì)在中世紀(jì)英國(guó)城市生活中發(fā)揮了重要作用。盡管行會(huì)有其專(zhuān)制與壟斷的一面,但從整體上看,行會(huì)在中世紀(jì)更多的是帶來(lái)了積極作用,并且為中世紀(jì)晚期的城市轉(zhuǎn)型奠定了基礎(chǔ),是英國(guó)現(xiàn)代化起源的歷史基石。
[Abstract]:Since the beginning of the Middle Ages, the progress of agriculture and the development of handicraft and commerce have promoted the revival of cities. The rise of cities laid the foundation for the emergence and development of guilds. Guild is the basic organization of urban life and plays an important role in the economy, politics and social life of medieval English cities. Economically, the functions of the guild are mainly to control the membership, including membership status, geographical and industry restrictions, and membership promotion restrictions. Jurisdiction in business activities includes specifying the time, place, price, etc., of the sale of the goods. In addition, the economic role of guilds also manifests in the control of the quality and scale of handicraft production. Politically, the role of guilds is that their members can become municipal officials, sometimes mayors, and thus participate in municipal management. The guild is also able to form its own courts, handle and decide on various matters within the guild and in connection with the guild, and form part of the city court. In the social life, the guild's function mainly manifests in the guild's faith and the memorial to the Christian saints. The guild also hosts city celebrations, of which parades and feasts are the most visible. In addition, the development of social charity and relief is also an important social activity of the guild, which formed part of the medieval British charitable relief. In short, guilds played an important role in medieval English urban life. Although guilds have their autocratic and monopolistic aspects, on the whole, guilds brought positive effects in the Middle Ages, and laid the foundation for the urban transformation in the late Middle Ages, which is the historical cornerstone of the origin of British modernization.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K561.3

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