1933-1948年英國(guó)猶太難民政策
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-11-16 10:27
【摘要】： 英國(guó)有著允許難民安全避難的悠久傳統(tǒng),所以在1933年1月希特勒掌握德國(guó)政權(quán)、開(kāi)始打擊猶太人之時(shí),數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)的猶太難民就涌向了英國(guó)。英國(guó)猶太人迅速建立難民援助組織,并向政府承諾:猶太社區(qū)為進(jìn)入英國(guó)的每個(gè)猶太難民提供財(cái)政支持,難民不會(huì)成為政府的負(fù)擔(dān)。在英國(guó)猶太組織的保證下,猶太難民被暫時(shí)接受。但隨著納粹對(duì)猶太人的迫害加深和二戰(zhàn)的迫近,英國(guó)取締了所有從納粹控制區(qū)涌入英國(guó)的移民活動(dòng)。在二戰(zhàn)期間,只有約10,000個(gè)猶太難民設(shè)法進(jìn)入了英國(guó)。二戰(zhàn)后,英國(guó)政府積極尋找移民,猶太人被排除在外,只有少數(shù)被允許進(jìn)入。猶太難民的身份一直沒(méi)有得到政府的承認(rèn),對(duì)難民的限制并未放松。總之,在整個(gè)納粹統(tǒng)治時(shí)期,英國(guó)共接納了大約51,000個(gè)猶太難民,還有許多難民通過(guò)英國(guó)這個(gè)中轉(zhuǎn)站到達(dá)了美國(guó)。對(duì)于英國(guó)猶太難民政策,國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)術(shù)界關(guān)注較少,而國(guó)外的研究成果頗豐,但意見(jiàn)有分歧,對(duì)英國(guó)政策的評(píng)價(jià)也不一致。本文以歷史唯物主義史觀為指導(dǎo),采取史論結(jié)合,理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際的方法,從20世紀(jì)初的東歐猶太難民潮入手,通過(guò)闡述二戰(zhàn)前后英國(guó)猶太難民政策的內(nèi)容,政策的具體運(yùn)用,分析政策的特點(diǎn),客觀評(píng)價(jià)其作用,其中政策內(nèi)容、決策背景及政策特點(diǎn)是本文論述的重點(diǎn)。 論文主要從以下四個(gè)部分來(lái)論述: 第一部分回顧了20世紀(jì)早期英國(guó)的外僑限制法和管理措施,從東歐猶太難民受到的入境限制說(shuō)明英國(guó)的移民控制體制從最初選擇性地接受難民到后來(lái)全面限制難民,以探討二戰(zhàn)前后英國(guó)對(duì)中歐猶太難民政策的淵源。 第二部分探討了英國(guó)對(duì)歐洲猶太難民的政策。先概述英國(guó)對(duì)歐洲猶太人申請(qǐng)入境避難的反應(yīng)和對(duì)策,扼要評(píng)析了政策的出發(fā)點(diǎn)。此外,闡釋了政策的內(nèi)容,即入境限制政策和有限吸收政策,深入探討了具體制度的出臺(tái)、實(shí)施及后果。最后,重點(diǎn)分析了影響政府決策的因素,突出政策制定的背景環(huán)境。 第三部分闡述了國(guó)際猶太難民救助與英國(guó)的態(tài)度。主要從有關(guān)猶太難民問(wèn)題的國(guó)際組織或會(huì)議中,如國(guó)際聯(lián)盟、埃維昂會(huì)議、百慕大會(huì)議三個(gè)方面,分析英國(guó)政府的態(tài)度和相應(yīng)的政策。 第四部分分析了英國(guó)猶太難民政策的特點(diǎn)及影響,分別從制度根源、思想根源、現(xiàn)實(shí)根源三個(gè)方面予以闡釋。并在以上各章節(jié)的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)英國(guó)猶太難民政策從積極和消極兩方面進(jìn)行了思考,并以此做出客觀的評(píng)價(jià)。 通過(guò)分析,本文認(rèn)為,英國(guó)對(duì)猶太難民的貢獻(xiàn)是值得肯定的,但英國(guó)政策的基本立足點(diǎn)是利己主義的,盡管在外界壓力下政策的重點(diǎn)和細(xì)節(jié)有所變化,但指導(dǎo)原則基本上沒(méi)有改變。實(shí)質(zhì)上還是在國(guó)家利益和人道主義之間不斷權(quán)衡、反復(fù)變化,仍然受到自身利益的限制。而且,英國(guó)的難民政策,展示了一個(gè)民族國(guó)家面對(duì)遭受迫害的外國(guó)人,在政治文化內(nèi)部的極度緊張,這種緊張狀況到今天還沒(méi)有解決。
[Abstract]:Britain has a long tradition of allowing safe haven for refugees, so when Hitler took power in Germany in January 1933 and began cracking down on Jews, tens of thousands of Jewish refugees flocked to Britain. British Jews quickly set up a refugee aid group and promised the government that the Jewish community would provide financial support for every Jewish refugee entering Britain and that the refugees would not become a burden to the government. Jewish refugees were provisionally accepted under the aegis of the British Jewish organization. But as Nazi persecution of Jews deepened and World War II approached, Britain banned all immigration from Nazi-controlled areas. Only about 10,000 Jewish refugees managed to enter Britain during World War II. After World War II, the British government actively looked for immigrants, Jews were excluded, only a few were allowed to enter. The status of Jewish refugees has not been recognized by the government, and restrictions on refugees have not been relaxed. In all, Britain hosted about 51000 Jewish refugees throughout Nazi rule, and many arrived in the United States through the British transit point. The domestic academic circles pay less attention to the British Jewish refugee policy, but the foreign research results are quite abundant, but the opinions are different, and the evaluation of the British policy is not consistent. Under the guidance of historical materialism, by combining historical theory with practice, this paper begins with the Jewish refugee tide in Eastern Europe at the beginning of 20th century, and expounds the contents and application of British Jewish refugee policy before and after World War II. This paper analyzes the characteristics of policy and evaluates its function objectively, among which the content of policy, the background and characteristics of policy are the key points of this paper. The thesis is mainly discussed in the following four parts: the first part reviews the restrictions and management measures of aliens in Britain in the early 20th century. The restrictions on the entry of Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe indicate that the immigration control system in Britain has changed from the selective admission of refugees to the overall restriction of refugees in order to explore the origin of British policy on Jewish refugees in Central Europe before and after World War II. The second part discusses the British policy towards Jewish refugees in Europe. First, the reaction and countermeasures of Britain to European Jews applying for asylum are summarized, and the starting point of the policy is briefly evaluated. In addition, it explains the contents of the policy, that is, the policy of restriction of entry and the policy of limited absorption, and probes into the introduction, implementation and consequences of the specific system. At last, the paper analyzes the factors that influence the government's decision-making and the background environment of policy-making. The third part elaborates the international Jewish refugee relief and the British attitude. This paper analyzes the attitude and corresponding policies of the British government from three aspects: the League of Nations, the Evian Conference and the Bermuda Conference. The fourth part analyzes the characteristics and influence of British Jewish refugee policy, which is explained from three aspects: system, thought and reality. On the basis of the above chapters, this paper makes an objective evaluation of the Jewish refugee policy in Britain from both positive and negative aspects. Based on the analysis, this paper holds that the contribution of Britain to Jewish refugees is commendable, but the basic foothold of British policy is egoism, although the emphasis and details of the policy have changed under the pressure of the outside world. But the guiding principles remain largely unchanged. Essentially, the balance between national interests and humanitarianism is constantly tradeoff, changing repeatedly, and still limited by its own interests. Moreover, Britain's refugee policy demonstrates the extreme tensions within the political culture of a nation-state facing persecuted foreigners, which have not yet been resolved.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：K561.5
本文編號(hào)：2335260
[Abstract]:Britain has a long tradition of allowing safe haven for refugees, so when Hitler took power in Germany in January 1933 and began cracking down on Jews, tens of thousands of Jewish refugees flocked to Britain. British Jews quickly set up a refugee aid group and promised the government that the Jewish community would provide financial support for every Jewish refugee entering Britain and that the refugees would not become a burden to the government. Jewish refugees were provisionally accepted under the aegis of the British Jewish organization. But as Nazi persecution of Jews deepened and World War II approached, Britain banned all immigration from Nazi-controlled areas. Only about 10,000 Jewish refugees managed to enter Britain during World War II. After World War II, the British government actively looked for immigrants, Jews were excluded, only a few were allowed to enter. The status of Jewish refugees has not been recognized by the government, and restrictions on refugees have not been relaxed. In all, Britain hosted about 51000 Jewish refugees throughout Nazi rule, and many arrived in the United States through the British transit point. The domestic academic circles pay less attention to the British Jewish refugee policy, but the foreign research results are quite abundant, but the opinions are different, and the evaluation of the British policy is not consistent. Under the guidance of historical materialism, by combining historical theory with practice, this paper begins with the Jewish refugee tide in Eastern Europe at the beginning of 20th century, and expounds the contents and application of British Jewish refugee policy before and after World War II. This paper analyzes the characteristics of policy and evaluates its function objectively, among which the content of policy, the background and characteristics of policy are the key points of this paper. The thesis is mainly discussed in the following four parts: the first part reviews the restrictions and management measures of aliens in Britain in the early 20th century. The restrictions on the entry of Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe indicate that the immigration control system in Britain has changed from the selective admission of refugees to the overall restriction of refugees in order to explore the origin of British policy on Jewish refugees in Central Europe before and after World War II. The second part discusses the British policy towards Jewish refugees in Europe. First, the reaction and countermeasures of Britain to European Jews applying for asylum are summarized, and the starting point of the policy is briefly evaluated. In addition, it explains the contents of the policy, that is, the policy of restriction of entry and the policy of limited absorption, and probes into the introduction, implementation and consequences of the specific system. At last, the paper analyzes the factors that influence the government's decision-making and the background environment of policy-making. The third part elaborates the international Jewish refugee relief and the British attitude. This paper analyzes the attitude and corresponding policies of the British government from three aspects: the League of Nations, the Evian Conference and the Bermuda Conference. The fourth part analyzes the characteristics and influence of British Jewish refugee policy, which is explained from three aspects: system, thought and reality. On the basis of the above chapters, this paper makes an objective evaluation of the Jewish refugee policy in Britain from both positive and negative aspects. Based on the analysis, this paper holds that the contribution of Britain to Jewish refugees is commendable, but the basic foothold of British policy is egoism, although the emphasis and details of the policy have changed under the pressure of the outside world. But the guiding principles remain largely unchanged. Essentially, the balance between national interests and humanitarianism is constantly tradeoff, changing repeatedly, and still limited by its own interests. Moreover, Britain's refugee policy demonstrates the extreme tensions within the political culture of a nation-state facing persecuted foreigners, which have not yet been resolved.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：K561.5
【引證文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條
1 余歡;德國(guó)猶太婦女及兒童難民在英國(guó)的流亡（1933-1945）[D];湖南師范大學(xué);2011年
，本文編號(hào)：2335260
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