【摘要】： 對(duì)于亞述帝國(guó)滅亡的原因，學(xué)者們提出了各種解釋，但眾說(shuō)紛紜，莫衷一是。依筆者拙見(jiàn)，亞述帝國(guó)的滅亡并不是偶然的，與其晚期的財(cái)政赤字、軍事實(shí)力下降與頻繁的叛亂等問(wèn)題有直接的關(guān)系，而這些問(wèn)題都根源于土地私有化。 在亞述帝國(guó)，土地名義上歸國(guó)王所有，私人的土地所有權(quán)也得到充分的尊重。亞述帝國(guó)晚期，一方面，大批的中小土地所有者破產(chǎn)；另一方面，皇家的一些近臣與軍官購(gòu)買了大量的土地，建立許多規(guī)模巨大的地產(chǎn)。為了犒賞有功的近臣與軍官，晚期的國(guó)王授予他們私人地產(chǎn)的所有權(quán)，免除了他們的大地產(chǎn)及其仆從的賦役。因而，私有化大地產(chǎn)不受政府的管轄，形同“獨(dú)立的私人王國(guó)”。 土地私有化對(duì)亞述帝國(guó)產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。首先，土地私有化影響到亞述帝國(guó)的財(cái)政。各種賦稅是亞述帝國(guó)財(cái)政收入的主要來(lái)源，而私有化地產(chǎn)不負(fù)擔(dān)任何賦稅，因此，大規(guī)模的土地私有化是其財(cái)政出現(xiàn)赤字的重要原因。其次，土地私有化削弱了亞述帝國(guó)的軍事實(shí)力。盡管亞述帝國(guó)有一些常備軍，但其主力是從各地征發(fā)來(lái)的義務(wù)兵。大量依附于私有化地產(chǎn)的人員被豁免兵役，，因而應(yīng)征人員銳減，而帝國(guó)由于版圖的擴(kuò)大對(duì)兵員的需求增加，結(jié)果國(guó)王不得不從新行省、附屬國(guó)及半獨(dú)立的阿拉米部落中征發(fā)大量的非亞述人當(dāng)兵。這些士兵軍紀(jì)敗壞，戰(zhàn)斗力極低。因此，土地私有化導(dǎo)致了亞述帝國(guó)軍事實(shí)力的下降。再次，土地私有化動(dòng)搖了亞述帝國(guó)王權(quán)的基礎(chǔ)。亞述帝國(guó)的國(guó)王宣稱，眾神不但授予他們王權(quán)，而且授予他們強(qiáng)大的軍隊(duì)與大量的財(cái)富，因此，軍隊(duì)與財(cái)富是王權(quán)的基礎(chǔ)。大規(guī)模的土地私有化導(dǎo)致了帝國(guó)的財(cái)政赤字與軍事實(shí)力的下降，動(dòng)搖了王權(quán)的基礎(chǔ)。就在王權(quán)削弱的同時(shí)，大貴族的勢(shì)力膨脹，他們挑戰(zhàn)王權(quán)，窺視王位，接連不斷的叛亂由此而起。 土地私有化導(dǎo)致了亞述帝國(guó)晚期的危機(jī)，削弱了亞述帝國(guó)的實(shí)力；米底人與加勒底人乘機(jī)擺脫了亞述帝國(guó)的羈絆，并迅速向亞述帝國(guó)發(fā)起進(jìn)攻；危機(jī)四伏的亞述帝國(guó)不堪一擊，迅速崩潰。因此，土地私有化是亞述帝國(guó)滅亡的根本原因。
[Abstract]:For the cause of the demise of the Assyrian Empire, the scholars put forward a variety of explanations, but all the time, the best. According to the author, the demise of the Assyrian Empire is not accidental, and there is a direct relationship with the problems of the late fiscal deficit, the decline of military power and the frequent rebellion, which are rooted in the privatization of the land. in that name of the Assyria, the land is owned by the king, and all the private land The right was also fully respected. In the late part of the empire, on the one hand, a large number of small and medium-sized landowners were bankrupted; on the other hand, some of the royal close ministers and the officers bought a large amount of land and set up A lot of large real estate. In order to reward the close and the officers of the real estate, the late king gave them the title of the private property and exempted them from a great deal. As a result, the privatisation of large real estate is not governed by the government, and it is in the form of "a" an independent private kingd. om鈥

本文編號(hào)：2334407