教派主義與印度政治格局演變
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-11-11 20:00
【摘要】： 在歷史上,印度的宗教和政治就存在密切關(guān)系,印度獨(dú)立后,采取了西方的議會民主制,確立了世俗主義的立國原則,要把印度建成一個(gè)“非宗教性的民族共和國”。但世俗主義原則在印度政治生活中被沒有得到徹底的貫徹,隨著印度政局的變化,宗教勢力不斷發(fā)展并向政治領(lǐng)域滲透,尤其是20世紀(jì)80年代以來,印度國內(nèi)出現(xiàn)了印度教復(fù)興的思潮,教派主義對印度政治的影響更加突出�？梢哉f,離開宗教因素,就難以理解印度政治。 關(guān)于教派主義對印度政治的影響,國內(nèi)尚無系統(tǒng)的研究成果,本文選取教派主義及印度政治格局的演變?yōu)檠芯繉ο?試圖分析清楚在印度政治發(fā)展過程中,教派主義在多大程度上影響印度的政治與社會,以及在未來發(fā)展中,印度政府如何處理教派主義與其政治政策之間的關(guān)系。通過本文的分析,我們不僅能清楚的了解印度社會的歷史與現(xiàn)實(shí)特點(diǎn),而且對我國的政治發(fā)展有很強(qiáng)的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。 本文首先對迄今為止尚無明確定義的教派主義進(jìn)行了自己的理解和定義,認(rèn)為這是民族主義的一種極端形式,接著對印度教教派主義的起源及發(fā)展?fàn)顩r,以及主要的教派主義政黨進(jìn)行了簡要的介紹。印度的政治制度是在繼承英屬印度的管理體制的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展而來的,實(shí)行的是聯(lián)邦制和議會民主制度。獨(dú)立以后的印度政治格局發(fā)生了幾次重大的轉(zhuǎn)折,而教派主義在此過程中扮演了舉足輕重的角色,這也正是本文的重點(diǎn)。在尼赫魯執(zhí)政的近二十年時(shí)間里,正是印度教教派主義得勢之時(shí),以人民同盟和國民志愿服務(wù)團(tuán)為代表的組織紛紛批評尼赫魯?shù)氖浪字髁x政策,鼓吹大印度教,極力排斥伊斯蘭教,不但使得教派沖突加劇,也讓政府的世俗化道路遭受了嚴(yán)峻的考驗(yàn);進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)70、80年代后,國大黨一黨獨(dú)大的地位不再牢固,具有印度教教派主義傾向的印度人民黨勢力逐漸上升,而伊斯蘭教派則轉(zhuǎn)而支持國大黨的世俗主義政策,借以對抗印度教教派,此時(shí)印度教教派主義的強(qiáng)大攻勢和世俗主義的相對式微引發(fā)了更加劇烈的教派沖突,政局也更為動蕩;從20世紀(jì)最后十年至今,印度步入了聯(lián)合政府執(zhí)政時(shí)代,印度人民黨與印度教教派組織關(guān)系密切,并一度在政壇稱雄,而其實(shí)不同教派也都紛紛成為各黨派加以依靠或利用的政治力量,政黨和教派的密切結(jié)合,使印度政壇的斗爭更顯復(fù)雜化。本文最后,從歷史、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會和意識形態(tài)五個(gè)方面具體分析了印度教派主義長期存在并能對政治產(chǎn)生重大影響的原因。時(shí)至今日,教派主義仍然是印度政治中不可忽視的因素,但是,總體來說,政府的政策在不斷總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)的過程中一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)在完善,在處理教派問題上也逐漸成熟。
[Abstract]:In history, India's religion and politics were closely related. After India's independence, it adopted the western parliamentary democracy, established the principle of secularism, and made India a "non-religious national republic". However, secularism has not been thoroughly implemented in Indian political life. With the change of Indian political situation, religious forces have been developing and infiltrating into the political field, especially since the 1980s. There is a trend of Hindu revival in India, and sectarianism has a more prominent influence on Indian politics. It can be said that it is difficult to understand Indian politics without religious factors. There is no systematic research on the influence of sectarianism on Indian politics. In this paper, sectarianism and the evolution of Indian political pattern are selected as the research objects to analyze the process of Indian political development. To what extent sectarianism affects India's politics and society, and how the Indian government handles the relationship between sectarianism and its political policies in the future. Through the analysis of this paper, we can not only understand the historical and realistic characteristics of Indian society clearly, but also have a strong practical significance for the political development of our country. In this paper, the author first gives his own understanding and definition of sectarianism, which has not been clearly defined so far, as an extreme form of nationalism, and then gives an account of the origin and development of Hindu sectarianism. And the main sectarian parties are briefly introduced. India's political system was developed on the basis of inheriting the British Indian administrative system, and implemented the federal system and parliamentary democracy. After independence, India's political pattern has undergone several major changes, and sectarianism has played an important role in this process, which is also the focus of this paper. During the nearly two decades of Nehru's reign, when Hindu sectarianism was gaining momentum, organizations represented by the people's Alliance and the National Voluntary Service Corps criticized Nehru's secularism policy and advocated greater Hinduism. The rejection of Islam not only aggravated the sectarian conflict, but also put the government's secularization road to a severe test. After the 1970s and 1980s, the dominant position of the National Congress Party was no longer strong, the Hindu sectarian Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) forces gradually rose, while the Islamists turned to support the Congress Party's secularism policy. In order to fight against Hindu sects, the powerful offensive of Hindu sectarianism and the relative decline of secularism caused more intense sectarian conflicts and political instability. Since the last decade of the 20th century, India has entered the era of coalition government. The Bharatiya Janata Party (Bharatiya Janata Party) has close ties with Hindu sectarian organizations and once dominated the political arena. In fact, different sects have also become the political forces that all parties rely on or use. The close combination of political parties and sects has complicated the struggle in Indian politics. At the end of this paper, the author analyzes the reasons why Indian sectarianism has existed for a long time and has a great influence on politics from five aspects: history, politics, economy, society and ideology. Sectarianism is still a factor that can not be ignored in Indian politics today, but generally speaking, the government's policy is gradually perfected in the process of summing up experiences and lessons, and gradually maturing in dealing with sectarian issues.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：云南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K351
本文編號：2325971
[Abstract]:In history, India's religion and politics were closely related. After India's independence, it adopted the western parliamentary democracy, established the principle of secularism, and made India a "non-religious national republic". However, secularism has not been thoroughly implemented in Indian political life. With the change of Indian political situation, religious forces have been developing and infiltrating into the political field, especially since the 1980s. There is a trend of Hindu revival in India, and sectarianism has a more prominent influence on Indian politics. It can be said that it is difficult to understand Indian politics without religious factors. There is no systematic research on the influence of sectarianism on Indian politics. In this paper, sectarianism and the evolution of Indian political pattern are selected as the research objects to analyze the process of Indian political development. To what extent sectarianism affects India's politics and society, and how the Indian government handles the relationship between sectarianism and its political policies in the future. Through the analysis of this paper, we can not only understand the historical and realistic characteristics of Indian society clearly, but also have a strong practical significance for the political development of our country. In this paper, the author first gives his own understanding and definition of sectarianism, which has not been clearly defined so far, as an extreme form of nationalism, and then gives an account of the origin and development of Hindu sectarianism. And the main sectarian parties are briefly introduced. India's political system was developed on the basis of inheriting the British Indian administrative system, and implemented the federal system and parliamentary democracy. After independence, India's political pattern has undergone several major changes, and sectarianism has played an important role in this process, which is also the focus of this paper. During the nearly two decades of Nehru's reign, when Hindu sectarianism was gaining momentum, organizations represented by the people's Alliance and the National Voluntary Service Corps criticized Nehru's secularism policy and advocated greater Hinduism. The rejection of Islam not only aggravated the sectarian conflict, but also put the government's secularization road to a severe test. After the 1970s and 1980s, the dominant position of the National Congress Party was no longer strong, the Hindu sectarian Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) forces gradually rose, while the Islamists turned to support the Congress Party's secularism policy. In order to fight against Hindu sects, the powerful offensive of Hindu sectarianism and the relative decline of secularism caused more intense sectarian conflicts and political instability. Since the last decade of the 20th century, India has entered the era of coalition government. The Bharatiya Janata Party (Bharatiya Janata Party) has close ties with Hindu sectarian organizations and once dominated the political arena. In fact, different sects have also become the political forces that all parties rely on or use. The close combination of political parties and sects has complicated the struggle in Indian politics. At the end of this paper, the author analyzes the reasons why Indian sectarianism has existed for a long time and has a great influence on politics from five aspects: history, politics, economy, society and ideology. Sectarianism is still a factor that can not be ignored in Indian politics today, but generally speaking, the government's policy is gradually perfected in the process of summing up experiences and lessons, and gradually maturing in dealing with sectarian issues.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：云南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K351
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