論埃及“保護國”地位形成的根源
發(fā)布時間：2018-10-17 15:00
【摘要】： 位于亞洲和非洲連接處的埃及,因其獨特的地緣經(jīng)濟和政治環(huán)境,歷來為兵家必爭之地。埃及與奧斯曼帝國的屬國與宗主國關(guān)系更增添了其變數(shù)的復雜性。整個19世紀,英國在近東的戰(zhàn)略部署與埃及形勢的變化密切相關(guān),一系列的因素致使埃及“保護國”地位的最終形成。本文試圖從埃及國內(nèi)發(fā)展的現(xiàn)狀和外部局勢來分析埃及政治角色的演變。為此本文主要分為兩個部分: 以埃及社會發(fā)展的不同階段為基礎(chǔ),從內(nèi)因?qū)ふ野＜爸趁窕母�。埃及近代歷史可分為三個階段:穆罕默德·阿里的自治時代、后阿里時代和英國管制時期。在經(jīng)歷了約三十年短暫的自主時期后,埃及并沒能將現(xiàn)代化改革的成果惠及下一代,而埃及也像其它淪為資本主義國家的原料產(chǎn)地和商品市場的大多數(shù)國家一樣,陷入了政權(quán)弱化、經(jīng)濟混亂的局面。在后阿里時代,由于繼任者們推行錯誤的改革政策,加速了埃及經(jīng)濟自主和主權(quán)的喪失。主要的利益所在國——英法策劃共同監(jiān)督埃及政府,使埃及淪為了“依賴型國家”,從而進一步地走向了殖民化的道路。 以英國近東戰(zhàn)略的演變?yōu)榫�索,從外因探尋埃及“保護國”地位形成的必然性與偶然性。19世紀30年代,英國明確了其在近東的戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃——維持奧斯曼帝國的領(lǐng)土完整和獨立,到1882年9月,英國完成占領(lǐng)埃及這一歷史性的拐點,近東戰(zhàn)略開始調(diào)整,埃及作為“準保護國”出現(xiàn),但埃及與奧斯曼帝國仍是屬地與宗主國關(guān)系;徹底改變則在一戰(zhàn)前夕,英國宣稱埃及為英國的“保護國”。這個戰(zhàn)略與埃及地位的漸變關(guān)系可從兩個方面來論述:1、必然性:在國際舞臺上英國扮演全球霸主的角色,是世界自由貿(mào)易體系的倡導者和推行者,自然對戰(zhàn)略要地尤為關(guān)注。埃及成為英國近東外交棋局部署上不可拋棄的關(guān)鍵棋子,所以說埃及淪為殖民地有一定的必然性。2、偶然性:埃及所處矛盾錯綜復雜的近東地區(qū),多股力量和利益交織于此。19世紀后期,歐洲力量平衡松動和德國外交政策的轉(zhuǎn)向,對英國全球經(jīng)濟利益和近東戰(zhàn)略構(gòu)成了嚴重威脅。德國對待埃及民族主義運動的態(tài)度,奧斯曼帝國新政府投向德國,所以這些偶然的因素加快了埃及“保護國”地位的最終形成。
[Abstract]:Egypt, located at the junction of Asia and Africa, has always been a war-maker because of its unique geo-economic and political environment. The relationship between Egypt and the Ottoman Empire increased the complexity of its variables. Throughout the 19th century, Britain's strategic deployment in the near East was closely related to the changes in the situation in Egypt, and a series of factors led to the final formation of Egypt's "protectorate" status. This paper attempts to analyze the evolution of Egypt's political role from the current situation of Egypt's internal development and external situation. This paper is divided into two parts: based on the different stages of Egyptian social development, the root of Egyptian colonization is found from internal causes. The modern history of Egypt can be divided into three stages: the autonomy of Mohamed Ali, the post-Ali era and the British control period. After a brief period of independence for about three decades, Egypt has failed to bring the fruits of modernisation to the next generation, and Egypt, like most of the other countries that have grown into capitalist raw materials and commodity markets, In the weakening of the regime, the economic chaos. In the post-Ali era, the loss of Egypt's economic autonomy and sovereignty was accelerated by the wrong reform policies of its successors. The main interest country, Britain and France, planned to supervise the Egyptian government together, which reduced Egypt to a "dependent state", thus further on the path of colonization. Taking the evolution of the British near East strategy as a clue, this paper explores the inevitability and contingency of the formation of Egypt's "protectorate" status from external causes. In the 1930s, Britain made clear its strategic plan in the near East-to maintain the territorial integrity and independence of the Ottoman Empire. By September 1882, the British had completed the historic inflection point of the occupation of Egypt, and the near East strategy had begun to adjust. Egypt emerged as a "quasi-protectorate," but Egypt and the Ottoman Empire were still dependent on relations with the sovereign state; the radical change took place on the eve of the first World War. Britain declared Egypt its "protectorate". The relationship between this strategy and the gradual change of Egypt's status can be discussed from two aspects: 1, inevitability: Britain plays the role of global hegemony on the international stage and is the advocate and promoter of the world free trade system. Egypt has become a key piece in the deployment of the British near East diplomatic chess board, so there is a certain inevitability for Egypt to become a colony. In the late 19th century, the loosening of the balance of power in Europe and the turn of German foreign policy posed a serious threat to Britain's global economic interests and the strategy of the near East. Germany's attitude towards the Egyptian nationalist movement, the new Ottoman government to Germany, so these accidental factors accelerated the formation of Egypt's "protectorate" status.
【學位授予單位】：山西大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：K411
[Abstract]:Egypt, located at the junction of Asia and Africa, has always been a war-maker because of its unique geo-economic and political environment. The relationship between Egypt and the Ottoman Empire increased the complexity of its variables. Throughout the 19th century, Britain's strategic deployment in the near East was closely related to the changes in the situation in Egypt, and a series of factors led to the final formation of Egypt's "protectorate" status. This paper attempts to analyze the evolution of Egypt's political role from the current situation of Egypt's internal development and external situation. This paper is divided into two parts: based on the different stages of Egyptian social development, the root of Egyptian colonization is found from internal causes. The modern history of Egypt can be divided into three stages: the autonomy of Mohamed Ali, the post-Ali era and the British control period. After a brief period of independence for about three decades, Egypt has failed to bring the fruits of modernisation to the next generation, and Egypt, like most of the other countries that have grown into capitalist raw materials and commodity markets, In the weakening of the regime, the economic chaos. In the post-Ali era, the loss of Egypt's economic autonomy and sovereignty was accelerated by the wrong reform policies of its successors. The main interest country, Britain and France, planned to supervise the Egyptian government together, which reduced Egypt to a "dependent state", thus further on the path of colonization. Taking the evolution of the British near East strategy as a clue, this paper explores the inevitability and contingency of the formation of Egypt's "protectorate" status from external causes. In the 1930s, Britain made clear its strategic plan in the near East-to maintain the territorial integrity and independence of the Ottoman Empire. By September 1882, the British had completed the historic inflection point of the occupation of Egypt, and the near East strategy had begun to adjust. Egypt emerged as a "quasi-protectorate," but Egypt and the Ottoman Empire were still dependent on relations with the sovereign state; the radical change took place on the eve of the first World War. Britain declared Egypt its "protectorate". The relationship between this strategy and the gradual change of Egypt's status can be discussed from two aspects: 1, inevitability: Britain plays the role of global hegemony on the international stage and is the advocate and promoter of the world free trade system. Egypt has become a key piece in the deployment of the British near East diplomatic chess board, so there is a certain inevitability for Egypt to become a colony. In the late 19th century, the loosening of the balance of power in Europe and the turn of German foreign policy posed a serious threat to Britain's global economic interests and the strategy of the near East. Germany's attitude towards the Egyptian nationalist movement, the new Ottoman government to Germany, so these accidental factors accelerated the formation of Egypt's "protectorate" status.
【學位授予單位】：山西大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：K411
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