【摘要】： 貴族階層是16—18世紀英國社會分層體系的一個重要組成部分，它的發(fā)展演變是這一時期英國社會轉(zhuǎn)型的重要內(nèi)容。英國貴族的興衰演變一直是國際學術(shù)界十分關(guān)注的問題。 西方學術(shù)界對英國貴族的研究起步早、水平高、成果多，而國內(nèi)學術(shù)界在這一領(lǐng)域與西方學術(shù)界差距很大。在關(guān)于16—18世紀英國貴族的社會地位的認識上，傳統(tǒng)看法——貴族在這一時期走向沒落——長期占據(jù)統(tǒng)治地位。近年來，西方學術(shù)界有學者開始重新審視這一時期英國貴族的歷史命運，發(fā)表了一批學術(shù)成果。國內(nèi)學術(shù)界雖然有人對這一問題做過一些研究，但是，全面系統(tǒng)的分析研究還不多見。 本文把16—18世紀的英國貴族作為一個整體來進行考察，從構(gòu)成與特征、數(shù)量與流動、社會特征、社會地位與作用四個方面入手，從歷史長時段著眼，將靜態(tài)描述與動態(tài)分析有機地結(jié)合起來，全面系統(tǒng)地分析貴族發(fā)展演變的動因、類型、機制和規(guī)律，展示貴族的生活場景，揭示社會轉(zhuǎn)型與貴族階層演變的互動關(guān)系，力求科學準確地評價貴族階層在這一時期英國社會中的地位與作用。 貴族是一個擁有特定法律意義的社會階層。在英國，貴族指的是上院爵位貴族，具有完整法律意義的英國貴族是在16世紀最終形成的。爵位和特權(quán)是將貴族與其它社會階層區(qū)別開來的兩個基本條件，也是貴族身份的兩個重要標志。英國貴族的特權(quán)雖然不多，但是，這些特權(quán)的存在足以賦予貴族身份一種法律意義。貴族與鄉(xiāng)紳是兩個法律意義完全不同的社會階層，將兩者混為一談不符合歷史事實。 這一時期是英國貴族數(shù)量增加較快的時期。人口因素、婚姻習俗、封爵政策、長子繼承制是制約貴族數(shù)量變化的四個最重要因素。而國王的恩寵、婚姻則是影響貴族成員流動的兩個重要因素。英國貴族成員流動的開放性并沒有人們以為的那么高，在相當長的歷史時期里，貴族的成員流動并不是一個跨越階層界限的運動，而只是貴族家族的上升和下降的地位變化。英國貴族是一個封閉性較強的社會階層，不 是一個“開放的貴族”。 在這一時期，英國貴族的家庭婚姻生活發(fā)生了諸多變化，但是， 這些變化是相當緩慢的。父權(quán)制、家長制、長子繼承制仍然是制約貴 族家庭生活的三大要素。而門第觀念、父母包辦、內(nèi)婚制則主宰著貴 族的婚姻生活。貴族的文化教育生活變化較大。貴族教育的目的、內(nèi) 容和方式，大大有別于中世紀的騎士教育。貴族的文化水平有所提高， 貴族的文化生活日益豐富多彩。無論是家庭婚姻生活，還是文化教育， 都是貴族生活方式的反映，同時也是貴族的社會特征的體現(xiàn)。為了炫 耀自己的地位與權(quán)威，貴族們還大肆建造豪宅、雇傭大量的侍從和仆 役、購買昂貴的奢侈品、在婚喪嫁娶等問題上鋪張浪費。 16一侶世紀，英國的社會生活發(fā)生了深刻的變化。在諸多變化面 前，貴族并不象有些人認為的那樣，手足無措，無所適從。相反，他 們積極進行調(diào)整和適應(yīng)，在這三百年里，仍然牢牢占據(jù)著社會優(yōu)勢地 位，掌握著社會經(jīng)濟、政治和文化生活的大權(quán)。在經(jīng)濟上，貴族的經(jīng) 濟活動日益多樣化，收入來源不斷拓寬，收入水平不斷提高，他們?nèi)?然是英國最為富有的階層。他們控制的大地產(chǎn)和經(jīng)濟資源、他們手中 掌握的國家權(quán)力、他們的社會影響、他們的消費需求和消費能力、他 們的冒險精神，決定了他們在經(jīng)濟生活中的重要地位。在政治上，他 們以議會上院為基地，，通過選舉等手段控制議會下院，反過來，他們 又通過議會立法來強化統(tǒng)治；他們把持著從中央到地方的各級重要官 職，牢牢掌握著國家政權(quán)；他們占據(jù)著軍隊里的高級軍官職務(wù)，把持 著軍事權(quán)力；他們還通過各種途徑操縱地方政治生活。在文化上，他 們是文化創(chuàng)作的鑒賞者和收藏者，他們是文化活動的庇護人，他們的 文化品味極大地影響著英國的文化生活，他們對英國文化的影響一直 保持到19世紀。 綜合以上分析，貴族在16一18世紀英國社會中的地位是穩(wěn)固的、 重要的，他們是這個社會的主宰者，在19世紀資產(chǎn)階級壯大起來以前， 尚無任何社會力量能夠與他們相抗衡。
[Abstract]:The aristocracy is an important part of the British social stratification system in the 16th century and 18th century, and its evolution is an important part of the social transformation of England during this period. The rise and fall of the British aristocracy has always been a matter of great concern to the international academic circles. In the western academic circles, the study of the English aristocracy started earlier, the level is high, the result is much, and the domestic academic circles in this field and The gap between the western academic circles is very large. In the recognition of the social status of the British aristocracy in the 16th century and the 18th century, the traditional view _ aristocracy is in the middle of this period. In recent years, scholars in western academic circles began to re-examine the historical fate of British aristocrats in this period. A number of academic achievements have been published. In the domestic academic circle, although some studies have been done on this issue, the overall system The analysis and study of the British aristocracy in the 16th century and the 18th century as a whole, starting with the four aspects of constitution and character, quantity and flow, social character, social status and function, are from the historical period. The static description and the dynamic analysis are organically combined, the motive, type, mechanism and law of the evolution of the noble development are systematically analyzed, the life scenes of the nobility are displayed, the interaction between the social transformation and the evolution of the aristocracy is revealed, and the scientific and accurate evaluation is sought. The Position and Function of the Family Stratum in the British Society during the Period An aristocrat is a social class with a specific legal significance. In Britain, the nobility refers to the upper court A hereditary aristocrat with a complete legal sense. The British aristocracy was finally formed in the 16th century. The title and the privilege were aristocrats and others. The two basic conditions distinguished from the social class are two important symbols of the identity of the nobility. The privilege of the British aristocracy Although not much, the existence of these privileges is sufficient to give the nobility a legal sense. The nobility and the squire are two A social class that is completely different in legal significance. It is not in conformity with the historical facts. This period is when the number of British aristocrats increased faster. Period. Population factor, marriage custom, Marquis policy, eldest son inheritance system is restricted aristocrat Four of the most important factors in quantitative change. And the king's grace, marriage is two important factors that affect the mobility of the members of the nobility. The openness of the flow of the British aristocracy is not as high as people think, and in a fairly long period of time, you The movement of members of a family is not a movement across the bounds of the hierarchy A change in the status of the rise and descent of the noble family. The British aristocracy is a very close one. The social class, no. "Trunk>" an o open aristocrat鈥

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