從罪犯到病患-19世紀(jì)英國(guó)同性戀者的身份建構(gòu)
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-10-10 13:56
【摘要】：2014年3月29日英國(guó)同性伴侶婚姻法正式開(kāi)始生效,英國(guó)同性戀者以普通公民的身份享有異性戀伴侶結(jié)婚后相同的一切權(quán)益,這是英國(guó)同性戀史上具有重大紀(jì)念意義的事件,同時(shí)也是社會(huì)體制轉(zhuǎn)變、革新的結(jié)果。西方歷史中同性戀者因其性取向異于普通人而不被世俗所接納,被宗教和法律判定有罪。英國(guó)同性戀的“病罪化”過(guò)程是在漫長(zhǎng)的社會(huì)體制演變下形成。19世紀(jì)以前,宗教在國(guó)家創(chuàng)建和發(fā)展的過(guò)程中起著舉足輕重的作用,英國(guó)國(guó)家機(jī)制的形成和轉(zhuǎn)變,以及社會(huì)自上而下的主流觀念的塑造皆是圍繞宗教這一軸心,而以生產(chǎn)繁殖為主的農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)中衍生的宗教,是以生產(chǎn)力和勞動(dòng)力是否得到增長(zhǎng)作為判斷事物是非的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),所有不以繁殖為目的的人類活動(dòng),包括男性之間以及同性戀者之間的性行為都是被宗教教義所否定的,于是同性戀的“罪惡”判定由宗教世界擴(kuò)展到了法律構(gòu)建的世俗社會(huì)中,1533年,英國(guó)都鐸王朝的亨利八世頒布法律對(duì)“雞奸者”(英國(guó)中世紀(jì)以來(lái)對(duì)同性戀者的蔑稱,男性之間的性行為是其主要針對(duì)目標(biāo),原詞為“buggery”)處以極刑,這是英國(guó)同性戀者在法律上被定義為罪犯的開(kāi)端;直到19世紀(jì)后半葉,隨著宗教影響力在英國(guó)的減弱,法律上對(duì)同性戀者刑罰減輕,但社會(huì)道德上的轉(zhuǎn)變相對(duì)滯后,法律和道德在社會(huì)過(guò)渡階段的暫時(shí)逆向走勢(shì)塑造了19世紀(jì)英國(guó)社會(huì)對(duì)同性戀的既漠視又排斥的矛盾心態(tài),具體表現(xiàn)為:一方面,設(shè)立了嚴(yán)密的社會(huì)監(jiān)察體系以凈化社會(huì)道德;另一方面對(duì)社會(huì)道德中的“不可忍受的、令人憤慨的、嫌惡的”、“不體面”的同性戀行為避而不談,或忌諱深談。19世紀(jì)末,奧斯卡·王爾德與同性情人的親密關(guān)系在幾年的時(shí)間后,借由昆斯伯里伯爵這一導(dǎo)火線,發(fā)展成為奧斯卡·王爾德事件,是19世紀(jì)社會(huì)體制轉(zhuǎn)變的必然結(jié)果。同時(shí),反過(guò)來(lái),19世紀(jì)末的奧斯卡·王爾德事件在迫使英國(guó)社會(huì)理性思考和定義同性戀者的社會(huì)身份的進(jìn)程中起到了不容忽略的作用。借由這一事件表明,從個(gè)體角度來(lái)看,同性戀只是人在某方面的傾向的表述,并不能用來(lái)概括一個(gè)人的所有特性,更不能以此來(lái)定義一個(gè)人的德行。從社會(huì)角度來(lái)看,這一事件看似偶然,實(shí)則是當(dāng)時(shí)某一時(shí)間段英國(guó)社會(huì)積累的對(duì)于同性戀者偏見(jiàn)的矛盾的集中爆發(fā),是必然發(fā)生的具有代表性的事件,由此引發(fā)的爭(zhēng)論使得整個(gè)19世紀(jì)被困在由宗教和法律以及不甚發(fā)達(dá)的醫(yī)學(xué)理論所圍成的狹窄的空間中、被單方面評(píng)價(jià)和賤視的同性戀者逐漸掙破柵欄,撕掉標(biāo)簽,作為正常人融入社會(huì)體系。本文通過(guò)對(duì)19世紀(jì)末英國(guó)著名劇作家?jiàn)W斯卡·王爾德因具有同性戀特征的言行而獲罪的始末進(jìn)行分析,剖析同性戀這一群體在社會(huì)生活中的壓抑處境,以此窺視英國(guó)社會(huì)體制下塑造的社會(huì)身份對(duì)社會(huì)成員的影響。
[Abstract]:On March 29, 2014, the British same-sex partner marriage law came into effect. British homosexuals enjoy the same rights and interests after heterosexual marriage as ordinary citizens. This is a momentous event in the history of British homosexuality. At the same time, it is also the result of the transformation and innovation of the social system. In western history, homosexuals were not accepted by the common people because of their sexual orientation, and were found guilty by religion and law. Before the 19th century, religion played an important role in the process of the establishment and development of the country, and the formation and transformation of the British national mechanism. And the shaping of the mainstream concept of society from top to bottom revolves around the axis of religion, and the religion derived from the agricultural society, which is mainly productive and reproductive, is based on the growth of productivity and labor force as the criterion for judging whether things are right or wrong. All human activities that do not aim at reproduction, including sexual activity between men and homosexuals, are denied by religious teachings. Thus the "evil" of homosexuality was extended from the religious world to a secular society constructed by law. In 1533, Henry VIII of the Tudor dynasty enacted a law against the "sodomy" (a disparaging term for homosexuals since the Middle Ages). Sex between men was the main target, originally "buggery") and capital punishment, which was the beginning of British homosexuality being legally defined as a criminal until the second half of the 19th century, as religious influence waned in Britain. The punishment for homosexuals is reduced in law, but the change in social morality is relatively lagging behind. The temporary reverse trend of law and morality in the transitional stage of society has shaped the contradictory mentality of disregard and exclusion of homosexuality in British society in the 19th century. On the one hand, a strict social supervision system was set up to purify social morality; on the other hand, the "intolerable, indignant, distasteful" and "indecent" homosexual acts in social morality were ignored. Or taboo. At the end of the 19th century, Oscar Wang Erde's intimate relationship with same-sex lovers, after a few years, developed into the Oscar Wang Erde incident through the trigger of count Quincinsbury. It is the inevitable result of the social system transformation in the 19 th century. On the other hand, Oscar Wang Erde in the late 19th century played an important role in forcing British society to think rationally and define the social identity of homosexuals. From this point of view, homosexuality is only an expression of a person's tendency in a certain way, and can not be used to generalize all the characteristics of a person, let alone define a person's virtue. From a social point of view, this incident seems to be accidental, in fact, it was a concentrated outbreak of contradictions about homosexuality accumulated in British society at that time, and it was a representative event that must have taken place. The resulting debate trapped the whole of the 19th century in a narrow space of religion and law and less developed medical theory, in which homosexuals who were unilaterally evaluated and viewed with contempt were gradually breaking down fences and tearing up labels. Integrate into the social system as a normal person. Through the analysis of Oscar Wang Erde, a famous British playwright in the late 19th century, who was found guilty of homosexuality, this paper analyzes the repressive situation of homosexuality in social life. In this way, we can see the influence of the social identity shaped under the British social system on the members of the society.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：曲阜師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K561.4
本文編號(hào)：2262043
[Abstract]:On March 29, 2014, the British same-sex partner marriage law came into effect. British homosexuals enjoy the same rights and interests after heterosexual marriage as ordinary citizens. This is a momentous event in the history of British homosexuality. At the same time, it is also the result of the transformation and innovation of the social system. In western history, homosexuals were not accepted by the common people because of their sexual orientation, and were found guilty by religion and law. Before the 19th century, religion played an important role in the process of the establishment and development of the country, and the formation and transformation of the British national mechanism. And the shaping of the mainstream concept of society from top to bottom revolves around the axis of religion, and the religion derived from the agricultural society, which is mainly productive and reproductive, is based on the growth of productivity and labor force as the criterion for judging whether things are right or wrong. All human activities that do not aim at reproduction, including sexual activity between men and homosexuals, are denied by religious teachings. Thus the "evil" of homosexuality was extended from the religious world to a secular society constructed by law. In 1533, Henry VIII of the Tudor dynasty enacted a law against the "sodomy" (a disparaging term for homosexuals since the Middle Ages). Sex between men was the main target, originally "buggery") and capital punishment, which was the beginning of British homosexuality being legally defined as a criminal until the second half of the 19th century, as religious influence waned in Britain. The punishment for homosexuals is reduced in law, but the change in social morality is relatively lagging behind. The temporary reverse trend of law and morality in the transitional stage of society has shaped the contradictory mentality of disregard and exclusion of homosexuality in British society in the 19th century. On the one hand, a strict social supervision system was set up to purify social morality; on the other hand, the "intolerable, indignant, distasteful" and "indecent" homosexual acts in social morality were ignored. Or taboo. At the end of the 19th century, Oscar Wang Erde's intimate relationship with same-sex lovers, after a few years, developed into the Oscar Wang Erde incident through the trigger of count Quincinsbury. It is the inevitable result of the social system transformation in the 19 th century. On the other hand, Oscar Wang Erde in the late 19th century played an important role in forcing British society to think rationally and define the social identity of homosexuals. From this point of view, homosexuality is only an expression of a person's tendency in a certain way, and can not be used to generalize all the characteristics of a person, let alone define a person's virtue. From a social point of view, this incident seems to be accidental, in fact, it was a concentrated outbreak of contradictions about homosexuality accumulated in British society at that time, and it was a representative event that must have taken place. The resulting debate trapped the whole of the 19th century in a narrow space of religion and law and less developed medical theory, in which homosexuals who were unilaterally evaluated and viewed with contempt were gradually breaking down fences and tearing up labels. Integrate into the social system as a normal person. Through the analysis of Oscar Wang Erde, a famous British playwright in the late 19th century, who was found guilty of homosexuality, this paper analyzes the repressive situation of homosexuality in social life. In this way, we can see the influence of the social identity shaped under the British social system on the members of the society.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：曲阜師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K561.4
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