試論19世紀(jì)30年代英國濟(jì)貧院改革
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-10-09 20:53
【摘要】：濟(jì)貧院大約在17世紀(jì)初作為社會(huì)救濟(jì)的補(bǔ)充形式出現(xiàn),主要是向生活難以為續(xù)的貧民提供食宿。在院外救濟(jì)盛行的情況下,濟(jì)貧院救濟(jì)在19世紀(jì)之前處于輔助和不普及的地位,對(duì)于貧民救濟(jì)沒有產(chǎn)生多大的影響。但是,濟(jì)貧院在當(dāng)時(shí)還是救助了一些生活沒有依靠的貧民,由此得到“窮人的宮殿”的美稱。19世紀(jì)30年代的一場改革卻使?jié)氃旱暮妹暁в谝坏?成為“窮人的巴士底獄”。對(duì)改革后的濟(jì)貧院的殘酷許多人都有過深刻的揭露,但這場濟(jì)貧院改革卻沒有得到太多人的關(guān)注。本文從體制和實(shí)施的角度深入剖析濟(jì)貧院改革產(chǎn)生的原因及其初期的實(shí)施情況,從體制和時(shí)代局限上尋求改革失敗的原因,以期填補(bǔ)這一領(lǐng)域的空白。 文章分為四個(gè)部分：《新濟(jì)貧法》下的濟(jì)貧院改革、濟(jì)貧院改革的歷史背景、濟(jì)貧院改革的實(shí)施、濟(jì)貧院改革的評(píng)析。首先,通過對(duì)舊濟(jì)貧體系的弊端及當(dāng)時(shí)的歷史背景的分析,探討濟(jì)貧院改革的原因及其目標(biāo)。然后綜合論述濟(jì)貧院改革的過程及出現(xiàn)的問題,對(duì)濟(jì)貧院改革的實(shí)施進(jìn)行深入探討,從而揭示濟(jì)貧院改革失敗的內(nèi)在因素。最后,對(duì)19世紀(jì)30年代的濟(jì)貧院改革進(jìn)行評(píng)析,對(duì)其成果和經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn),以及歷史影響做出總結(jié)。 濟(jì)貧院改革是英國濟(jì)貧史的重大轉(zhuǎn)折,它廢除了戶外救濟(jì),實(shí)行統(tǒng)一的濟(jì)貧院救濟(jì),使?jié)氃撼袚?dān)起醫(yī)院、學(xué)校、感化院、監(jiān)獄、庇護(hù)所、工廠的職責(zé)。但恰恰是如此全面的救濟(jì)功能,弱化了濟(jì)貧院作為老弱者棲身之所的屬性。過分強(qiáng)調(diào)“威懾”更使?jié)氃簻S為貧民畏之如虎的“巴士底獄”。定位的錯(cuò)誤和體制自身的矛盾使?jié)毞ǜ母锢щy重重,最終導(dǎo)致了濟(jì)貧院退出歷史舞臺(tái)。 盡管濟(jì)貧院改革沒有取得既定的目標(biāo),但它所進(jìn)行的以機(jī)構(gòu)中心的救濟(jì)模式探索,使社會(huì)救濟(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)獲發(fā)展和完善起來,為英國福利國家的社會(huì)保障模式的組織提供了最為寶貴的經(jīng)驗(yàn),對(duì)于濟(jì)貧院改革的研究也能夠?yàn)橹袊鐣?huì)保障制度的發(fā)展和完善提供切實(shí)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)借鑒。
[Abstract]:The poorhouse appeared as a supplementary form of social relief around the beginning of the 17 th century, mainly to provide food and accommodation for the poor. In the case of the prevalence of the out-of-hospital relief, the relief of the workhouse was in the position of assistance and lack of popularization before the 19th century, and had little influence on the relief of the poor. However, the workhouse at that time still saved some poor people who had no livelihood, and thus gained the reputation of "the palace of the poor". A reform in the 1830s destroyed the good reputation of the poorhouse and became the "Bastille of the poor". The cruelty of the reformed workhouse has been deeply exposed by many people, but not much attention has been paid to it. This paper analyzes the causes of the reform of the workhouse and its initial implementation from the point of view of system and implementation, and explores the reasons for the failure of the reform from the point of view of the system and the limitations of the times, with a view to filling up the blank in this field. The article is divided into four parts: the reform of the poorhouse under the New Law of the Poor, the historical background of the reform of the poorhouse, the implementation of the reform of the poorhouse, and the analysis of the reform of the poorhouse. Firstly, through the analysis of the malpractice of the old poverty relief system and the historical background at that time, the causes and objectives of the reform of the poor hospital are discussed. Then it comprehensively discusses the process and problems of the reform of the poor hospitals, and probes into the implementation of the reform of the poor hospitals, thus revealing the internal factors of the failure of the reform of the poor hospitals. Finally, the article analyzes the reform of the workhouse in 1830 s, summarizes its achievements, experiences and lessons, and its historical influence. The reform of the poorhouse was a major turning point in the history of the British poor. It abolished the outdoor relief, implemented the unified relief of the poorhouse, and made the workhouse assume the responsibility of hospital, school, penitentiary, prison, shelter and factory. But it is such a comprehensive relief function that weakens the property of the workhouse as a shelter for the aged and the weak. Too much emphasis on "deterrence" has reduced the poorhouses to the cowardly Bastille of the poor. The errors of positioning and the contradictions of the system itself made it difficult to reform the law of poverty relief, which eventually led to the withdrawal of the poorhouse from the historical stage. Although the reform of the workhouse did not achieve the established goal, its exploration of the model of agency centered relief made the social relief organization develop and perfect. It provides the most valuable experience for the organization of the social security model of the welfare state in Britain. The research on the reform of the workhouse can also provide practical experience for the development and improvement of the social security system in China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K561.43
本文編號(hào)：2260751
[Abstract]:The poorhouse appeared as a supplementary form of social relief around the beginning of the 17 th century, mainly to provide food and accommodation for the poor. In the case of the prevalence of the out-of-hospital relief, the relief of the workhouse was in the position of assistance and lack of popularization before the 19th century, and had little influence on the relief of the poor. However, the workhouse at that time still saved some poor people who had no livelihood, and thus gained the reputation of "the palace of the poor". A reform in the 1830s destroyed the good reputation of the poorhouse and became the "Bastille of the poor". The cruelty of the reformed workhouse has been deeply exposed by many people, but not much attention has been paid to it. This paper analyzes the causes of the reform of the workhouse and its initial implementation from the point of view of system and implementation, and explores the reasons for the failure of the reform from the point of view of the system and the limitations of the times, with a view to filling up the blank in this field. The article is divided into four parts: the reform of the poorhouse under the New Law of the Poor, the historical background of the reform of the poorhouse, the implementation of the reform of the poorhouse, and the analysis of the reform of the poorhouse. Firstly, through the analysis of the malpractice of the old poverty relief system and the historical background at that time, the causes and objectives of the reform of the poor hospital are discussed. Then it comprehensively discusses the process and problems of the reform of the poor hospitals, and probes into the implementation of the reform of the poor hospitals, thus revealing the internal factors of the failure of the reform of the poor hospitals. Finally, the article analyzes the reform of the workhouse in 1830 s, summarizes its achievements, experiences and lessons, and its historical influence. The reform of the poorhouse was a major turning point in the history of the British poor. It abolished the outdoor relief, implemented the unified relief of the poorhouse, and made the workhouse assume the responsibility of hospital, school, penitentiary, prison, shelter and factory. But it is such a comprehensive relief function that weakens the property of the workhouse as a shelter for the aged and the weak. Too much emphasis on "deterrence" has reduced the poorhouses to the cowardly Bastille of the poor. The errors of positioning and the contradictions of the system itself made it difficult to reform the law of poverty relief, which eventually led to the withdrawal of the poorhouse from the historical stage. Although the reform of the workhouse did not achieve the established goal, its exploration of the model of agency centered relief made the social relief organization develop and perfect. It provides the most valuable experience for the organization of the social security model of the welfare state in Britain. The research on the reform of the workhouse can also provide practical experience for the development and improvement of the social security system in China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K561.43
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條
1 郭義貴;從濟(jì)貧法到福利國家——論英國社會(huì)立法的進(jìn)程及其作用與影響[J];華中科技大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(人文社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2002年03期
相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條
1 趙靜;英國濟(jì)貧法的歷史考察[D];河南大學(xué);2007年
，本文編號(hào)：2260751
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