【摘要】：濟貧院大約在17世紀初作為社會救濟的補充形式出現(xiàn),主要是向生活難以為續(xù)的貧民提供食宿。在院外救濟盛行的情況下,濟貧院救濟在19世紀之前處于輔助和不普及的地位,對于貧民救濟沒有產(chǎn)生多大的影響。但是,濟貧院在當時還是救助了一些生活沒有依靠的貧民,由此得到“窮人的宮殿”的美稱。19世紀30年代的一場改革卻使?jié)氃旱暮妹暁в谝坏?成為“窮人的巴士底獄”。對改革后的濟貧院的殘酷許多人都有過深刻的揭露,但這場濟貧院改革卻沒有得到太多人的關注。本文從體制和實施的角度深入剖析濟貧院改革產(chǎn)生的原因及其初期的實施情況,從體制和時代局限上尋求改革失敗的原因,以期填補這一領域的空白。 文章分為四個部分：《新濟貧法》下的濟貧院改革、濟貧院改革的歷史背景、濟貧院改革的實施、濟貧院改革的評析。首先,通過對舊濟貧體系的弊端及當時的歷史背景的分析,探討濟貧院改革的原因及其目標。然后綜合論述濟貧院改革的過程及出現(xiàn)的問題,對濟貧院改革的實施進行深入探討,從而揭示濟貧院改革失敗的內(nèi)在因素。最后,對19世紀30年代的濟貧院改革進行評析,對其成果和經(jīng)驗教訓,以及歷史影響做出總結。 濟貧院改革是英國濟貧史的重大轉折,它廢除了戶外救濟,實行統(tǒng)一的濟貧院救濟,使?jié)氃撼袚疳t(yī)院、學校、感化院、監(jiān)獄、庇護所、工廠的職責。但恰恰是如此全面的救濟功能,弱化了濟貧院作為老弱者棲身之所的屬性。過分強調(diào)“威懾”更使?jié)氃簻S為貧民畏之如虎的“巴士底獄”。定位的錯誤和體制自身的矛盾使?jié)毞ǜ母锢щy重重,最終導致了濟貧院退出歷史舞臺。 盡管濟貧院改革沒有取得既定的目標,但它所進行的以機構中心的救濟模式探索,使社會救濟機構獲發(fā)展和完善起來,為英國福利國家的社會保障模式的組織提供了最為寶貴的經(jīng)驗,對于濟貧院改革的研究也能夠為中國社會保障制度的發(fā)展和完善提供切實的經(jīng)驗借鑒。
[Abstract]:The poorhouse appeared as a supplementary form of social relief around the beginning of the 17 th century, mainly to provide food and accommodation for the poor. In the case of the prevalence of the out-of-hospital relief, the relief of the workhouse was in the position of assistance and lack of popularization before the 19th century, and had little influence on the relief of the poor. However, the workhouse at that time still saved some poor people who had no livelihood, and thus gained the reputation of "the palace of the poor". A reform in the 1830s destroyed the good reputation of the poorhouse and became the "Bastille of the poor". The cruelty of the reformed workhouse has been deeply exposed by many people, but not much attention has been paid to it. This paper analyzes the causes of the reform of the workhouse and its initial implementation from the point of view of system and implementation, and explores the reasons for the failure of the reform from the point of view of the system and the limitations of the times, with a view to filling up the blank in this field. The article is divided into four parts: the reform of the poorhouse under the New Law of the Poor, the historical background of the reform of the poorhouse, the implementation of the reform of the poorhouse, and the analysis of the reform of the poorhouse. Firstly, through the analysis of the malpractice of the old poverty relief system and the historical background at that time, the causes and objectives of the reform of the poor hospital are discussed. Then it comprehensively discusses the process and problems of the reform of the poor hospitals, and probes into the implementation of the reform of the poor hospitals, thus revealing the internal factors of the failure of the reform of the poor hospitals. Finally, the article analyzes the reform of the workhouse in 1830 s, summarizes its achievements, experiences and lessons, and its historical influence. The reform of the poorhouse was a major turning point in the history of the British poor. It abolished the outdoor relief, implemented the unified relief of the poorhouse, and made the workhouse assume the responsibility of hospital, school, penitentiary, prison, shelter and factory. But it is such a comprehensive relief function that weakens the property of the workhouse as a shelter for the aged and the weak. Too much emphasis on "deterrence" has reduced the poorhouses to the cowardly Bastille of the poor. The errors of positioning and the contradictions of the system itself made it difficult to reform the law of poverty relief, which eventually led to the withdrawal of the poorhouse from the historical stage. Although the reform of the workhouse did not achieve the established goal, its exploration of the model of agency centered relief made the social relief organization develop and perfect. It provides the most valuable experience for the organization of the social security model of the welfare state in Britain. The research on the reform of the workhouse can also provide practical experience for the development and improvement of the social security system in China.
【學位授予單位】：浙江師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K561.43

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本文編號：2260751